The Methodology Of Biopsychology: Substance Abuse

The Methodology Of Biopsychology: Substance Abuse To understand addictive behavior, one must understand the brain; the pursuit of this understanding is a challenge with great rewards. Analyzing human behavior requires subjectivity, while the brain contains objective realities; this requires holistic approach for full comprehension. Three general types of methodological issues are prominent in research involving assessment of addiction: (1) the reliability and validity of self-report, collateral, and biological methods of assessing substance use, (2) the variability and episodic course of substance use disorders, and (3) the heterogeneity of individuals with substance use disorders. The history, explanation, pathways and methodologies of addiction are all complex and need to be studied in the scope of biopsychology in order to advance the understanding and treatment of all addictions. History Chemical dependency has been part of every society and each millennium has treated the problems that addiction brings with a methodology unique to the times. Historically, society has attempted to deal with addiction in a certain way (Scheier, 2009). Based in fear of all the unknowns associated with substance abuse, the legal system sent addicts to prison, society in general shunned them and treated them as misfits, and the mental health community confined them to mental health institutions. Today the current modality of treatment for those afflicted with substance abuse is to attempt some way to get them help in whatever area they need it. Basic research on substance abuse has been a public science since the 1930s, funded almost entirely by the U.S. federal government (Scheier). The popular experimentation with drugs in the mid-to-late 1960s raised many questions for which the traditional focus of Addiction Research Center had no answers (Smith, 2010). As a consequence, the field began to diversify and decentralize such that researchers had more pathways from which to choose. Research pathways emerged in behavioral and neuro- or psychopharmacology (Scheier, 2009). Meanwhile, substance abuse also took to the street, bringing researchers into the community. This brought about the emergence of four significant research areas: qualitative social research, epidemiology, treatment research, and research based on self-reports (Scheier). Definition of Addiction There are several definitions of addiction. All addictions have common denominators of being a complex illness characterized by intense, uncontrollable craving, along with compulsive behavior even in light of devastating consequences. (Pinel, 2009). These commonalities also include: symptoms of withdrawal, tolerance, a desire to cut down or stop use/behavior, the inability to stop or decrease usage, loss of employment, estranged families, and social contacts are lost due to the addiction. Addiction has many dimensions that disrupt several if not every aspect of an individuals life. In order to understand what addiction is a definition needs to be cleanly stated. Current neuroscientific research on substance abuse seeks to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate the transition from occasional, controlled drug use to the loss of behavioral control over drug seeking and drug-taking that defines chronic addiction (Edwards, 2005). Treatment Modalities Every individual is unique and each person can respond differently to treatment modalities. Professionals that work in the field of addiction and treatment should be trained in current trends in alternative treatments and especially those that have proven effective. In the study by Castel, Rush, Urbanoski and Toneatto, (2006) their results show how complex addictions are and the overlap with mental health issues or other biological disorders. This study was strong in their methodology, but the use of a screening tool might have increased the rate of reported symptoms. Their study did not indicate this to be of significance. Their study has opened the pathway for future research in biopsychology that will illuminate some pivotal points in the biological nature of cross addictions with psychiatric issues and substance abuse indicators. Medication and behavioral therapy, especially when combined, are important elements of an overall therapeutic process that often begins with detoxification, followed by treatment and relapse prevention. Easing withdrawal symptoms can be important in the initiation of treatment; preventing relapse is necessary for maintaining its effects (Fitzgerald McCarty, 2009). Sometimes, as with other chronic conditions, episodes of relapse may require a return to prior treatment components. A continuum of care that includes a holistic treatment program that addresses all aspects of an individuals life, including medical and mental health services and follow-up options can be crucial to a persons success in achieving and maintaining a drug-free lifestyle (Scheier, 2009). Methodologies for Study Research in this field has produced a host of differing theories and models to describe the factors influencing drug use. The enormous amount of literature is impressive, yet overwhelming and often contradictory (Edwards Cobb, 2010). The focus of this bibliography has been to assess the current state of substance abuse with respect to the focus of current research attention, and to identify knowledge gaps. Despite the limitations of the existing material, this view provides a useful platform to deepen and broaden the scope of biopsychological research. This section will describe the studies in general and then will provide synopsis of the common theories that are present throughout each study as well as how each study stands alone. Each individual study will be described and the conclusions presented, this will be brief and to the point. There will be a more detailed discussion that will take into consideration all of the studies presented. The discussion will include the strengths and limitations of current methodologies, biology, similarities and differences with regard to the general theory of addiction and how the addiction pathways are formed as well as possible treatments. Finally, this section will address what needs to be considered in the future and what the studies brought up that needs to be examined in order to better understand and offer some solutions for future studies as well as to offer the reader options for future study and research. The history, explanation, pathways and methodologies of addiction are all complex and need to be studied in the scope of biopsychology in order to advance the understanding and treatment of all addictions. Addiction has been a part of every society, socio-economic class, race, and gender and discriminates against none. There are a variety of theories of addiction as well as treatments; some founded in theory and others founded self-reports. The ability to treat and understand addiction rests in the hands of competent clinicians willing to examine possibilities that are not commonly thought of to be related to addiction. Understanding the biopsychology of addiction will aid in eliminating addiction for future generations to come. Annotated Bibliography Castel, S., Rush, B., Urbanoski, K., Toneatto, T. (2006). Overlap of clusters of psychiatric symptoms among clients of a comprehensive addiction treatment service. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(1), 28-35. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.20.1.28. This article describes the prevalence and overlap of psychiatric symptoms among 2,784 clients of the outpatient programs at a comprehensive addictions treatment facility. The psychiatric symptoms were assessed by a computer-based questionnaire, and the analysis focused on the overlap of symptom clusters (multimorbidity) and their relation to selected intake variables known to be predictors of treatment outcome. This study will help emphasize the need for a detailed customized treatment approach. Fitzgerald, J., McCarty, D. (2009). Understanding attitudes toward use of medication in substance abuse treatment: A multilevel approach. Psychological Services, 6(1), 74-84. doi:10.1037/a0013420 This study used a treatment unit survey for individual and organizational variables that influence attitudes toward use of naltrexone, methadone, and buprenorphine for the treatment of alcohol and drug disorders. Previous research has not considered both sets of influences simultaneously. Hierarchical linear modeling tested the contribution of individual and organizational variables with data from the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network treatment unit and workforce surveys (n = 2,269 staff nested within 247 treatment units). Individual-level variables consistently had more influence on attitudes, but a unique blend of variables existed for each medication. One predictor, support for psychiatric medications, influenced attitudes across all medications. Staff attitudes toward addiction medications varied significantly between treatment units. This study can be a strong research variable to establish the need for psychobiology to be an active participant for addiction treatment. The appropriate use of addiction medications was evidenced by their results. Ducci, F., Goldman, D. (2008). Genetic approaches to addiction: Genes and alcohol. Addiction, 103(9), 1414-1428. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02203.x. This study examines the genetic basis for addiction, alcoholism in particular. The study is a literature review that focused on the genetic basis of alcoholism. The results of the review show that alcoholic genes are acting at the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic levels. There has been major progress in gene identification in recent years, using intermediate phenotypes such as task-related brain activation, whole genome association studies, gene environment studies, gene effects studies and the genome wide analysis. This study finds that the genetic basis for alcoholism and other addictions is unknown, as further studies are conducted; they are likely to find a link. This study will be used to demonstrate that addiction can be tied to genes and that biopsychology will play an important part in the future of addiction. Edwards, G. (2005). Addiction Biology goes fast forward. Addiction, 100(1), doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01109.x. This article examines the new leadership established at the Society for the Study of Addiction. Included are a variety of new appointments, as well as newly created ones. This article will be used to demonstrate the preparing of the addiction community to prepare for studied in biopsychology and their acceptance and increased understanding of the matter. This article will further show that addiction study is needed and that infrastructure is being created in order to provide for this new understanding of addiction. Edwards, S. Koob G. (2010). Neurobiology of deregulated motivational systems in drug addiction Future Neurology, 5(3), 393-410. doi: 2034674321. This study examines Neurobiological mechanisms for negative reinforcement, which mean that participating in an addiction, in this study drug addiction, and it alleviates a negative emotional state, and this involves changes in the brain and leads to forebrain stress. This stress may contribute to changes in the reinforcement mechanisms in the brain that are associated with addiction. The points of the intersection between the positive and negative motivational areas in the brain may drive addiction and may provide an increased understanding of the neurobiological substrate for therapeutic intervention. This article will be used to further examine that addiction is related to biopsychology and that determining the reinforcement centers in the brain will aid in understanding the behavior associated with addiction. Fitzgerald, J., McCarty, D. (2009). Understanding attitudes toward use of medication in substance abuse treatment: A multilevel approach. Psychological Services, 6(1), 74-84. doi:10.1037/a0013420. This study used a treatment unit survey for individual and organizational variables that influence attitudes toward use of naltrexone, methadone, and buprenorphine for the treatment of alcohol and drug disorders. Previous research has not considered both sets of influences simultaneously. Hierarchical linear modeling tested the contribution of individual and organizational variables with data from the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network treatment unit and workforce surveys (n = 2,269 staff nested within 247 treatment units). Individual-level variables consistently had more influence on attitudes, but a unique blend of variables existed for each medication. One predictor, support for psychiatric medications, influenced attitudes across all medications. Staff attitudes toward addiction medications varied significantly between treatment units. This study can be a strong research variable to establish the need for psychobiology to be an active participant for addiction treatment. The appropriate use of addiction medications was evidenced by their results. Fortuna, J. (2010). Sweet preference, sugar addiction and the familial history of alcohol dependence: Shared neural pathways and genes. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 42(2), 147-51. This study examines the fact that many people who are addicted to drugs and alcohol also have a sweet preference, particularly those with a high sucrose concentration. This study further examines that some people who have a high consumption of sugar rich foods and drinks demonstrates the release of euphoric endorphins and dopamine in the same way that alcohol and drugs do. This study asserts that the neurobiological pathways are the same for sugar and drug addiction. Craving, tolerance, withdrawal and sensitization have been documented in both human and animal studies. This study goes on to show that there is a cross sensitization between sugar addiction and narcotic dependence. This study also demonstrates that the biological children of alcoholic parents, particularly fathers, have a strong sweet preference and that may show up in eating disorders in later life. This study will be used to demonstrate that addiction can be determined through genes and can manifest in different addiction choices. Gillman, A., Kosobud, A., Timberlake, W. (2010). Effects of multiple daily nicotine administrations on pre- and post-nicotine circadian activity episodes in rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 124(4), 520-531. doi:10.1037/a0020272. This study has shown that nicotine that is administered with an entertaining activity and that it affected food intake and that throughout the pre and post dose that there was a relation to the increase in the desire for the activity and as well as the nicotine. This study will be used to demonstrate that cross addiction and transference can happen in addiction resulting in the way the brain synthesizes entertainment and addiction. It will be used to demonstrate that there are addiction areas in the brain and that stimulation of one can increase other areas. Haber, J. R., Bucholz, K. K., Jacob, T., Grant, J. D., Scherrer, J. F., Sartor, C. E., Duncan, A. R. Heath, A. (2010, September). Effect of paternal alcohol and drug dependence on offspring conducts disorder: Gene-Environment interplay. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 71 (5); 652-663. ISSN: 1937-1888 This article discussed current research on substance-use disorders and externalizing disorders that frequently present simultaneously, as well as in families across generations. Researchers examined the role of genetic and environmental influences in the relationship between paternal histories of drug dependence or alcohol dependence and offspring conduct disorder using an offspring-of-twins design. The methodology used male twins from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry, their offspring, and mothers of the offspring. The study was difficult to follow, but yielded results that indicated genetic risk associated with both paternal drug-dependence and paternal alcohol-dependence histories predicted offspring conduct-disorder risk, but only risk associated with paternal drug-dependence history was mitigated by having a low-risk environment. This study will be used to demonstrate a significant gene-environment interaction, indicating a strong need for further biopsychological research in this area. Lee, P., Lee, D., Lee, P.. (2010). 2010: U.S. Drug and Alcohol Policy, Looking Back and Moving Forward. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 42(2), 99-114. This article demonstrates the different perspectives in the usage of the disease model of addiction indicating the influence of The United States drug policy. This article spans various areas of substance abuse research with the focus on new perspectives for future research and changes to the drug policy of the United States. This article will be used to show where the future of biopsychology and substance abuse research is headed. Pinel, J. P. J. (2009). Biopsychology (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-205-54892-7. This book covers a variety of biopsychology topics in depth as well as anatomy of the brain. This book will be used as a reference to explain the tests used for the determination of behavior and brain connectivity. It will be used to describe the parts of the brain that are related to addiction. It will also be used to explain how addiction works in the brain. Scheier, L. M. (ed) (2009). Multiple paths to partial truths: A history of drug etiology. The Handbook of Drug Etiology: Theory, Methods, and Empirical Findings. American Psychological Association. Washington, DC. ISBN: 978-1-4338-0446-5 This handbook covers the complexities of personality, genetic, environmental, and cultural influences on behavior that are difficult to dissect or treat as independent forces. This volume covers this dynamic field comprehensively. A team of researchers presents dissimilar theoretical perspectives and viewpoints on complex issues ranging from causation to consequences and including a rich discussion of prevention practices and how they influence policy. The editor and contributors show the origins of the field of drug use etiology in clinical work with addicts, detail the history of the field and examine the interaction of epidemiology and etiology. This book will be used to examine substance abuse causations such as peer pressure, community, genetics, race, and age. This will help determine the ways in which drug use etiology links with biopsychology. Smith, D. (2010).The evolution of addiction medicine and its San Francisco roots. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 42(2), 199-201. This article examines how addiction has evolved from its roots in San Francisco. It examines a variety of problems that are caused from drug addiction and the problems that it causes to society. This article will be used as a historical reference and as a general reference to the history of drugs in general. Addiction research has attempted to keep up with the rapid progression. Sofuoglu, M., Sugarman, D., Carroll, K. (2010). Cognitive function as an emerging treatment target for marijuana addiction. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18(2), 109-119. doi:10.1037/a0019295. Cannabis is the most widely used illicit substance in the world, and demand for effective treatment is increasing. However, abstinence rates following behavioral therapies have been modest, and there are no effective pharmacotherapies for the treatment of cannabis addiction. We propose a novel research agenda and a potential treatment strategy, based on observations that both acute and chronic exposure to cannabis are associated with dose-related cognitive impairments, most consistently in attention, working memory, verbal learning, and memory functions. These impairments are not completely reversible upon cessation of marijuana use, and moreover may interfere with the treatment of marijuana addiction. Therefore, targeting cognitive impairment associated with chronic marijuana use may be a promising novel strategy for the treatment of marijuana addiction. Preclinical studies suggest that medications enhancing the cholinergic transmission may attenuate cannabis-induced cognitive impai rments, but these cognitive enhancing medications have not been examined in controlled human studies. Preliminary evidence from individuals addicted to other drugs suggests that computerized cognitive rehabilitation may also have utility to improve cognitive function in marijuana users. Future clinical studies optimally designed to measure cognitive function as well as drug use behavior would be needed to test the efficacy of these treatments for marijuana addiction.

Inhibitory Potential Changes of Fluoxetine (Prozac) :: Biology Medicine Research Papers

Inhibitory Potential Changes of Fluoxetine (Prozac) Over the past several decades many scientists have explored the various possible links between the function of neurotransmitters in the brain and mood disorders. The neurotransmitter serotonin, found widely in plants, animals and humans has been a particular focus. Scientists who specialize in examining the function and effect of serotonin on the mind and body argue that imbalances in the levels and function of serotonin can be linked to disturbances in mood, anxiety, satiety, cognition, aggression and sexual drives (Tollefson and Rosenbalum, 2001). More specifically, these scientists suggest that this "decreased serotonergic neurotransmission plays an important role in the etiology of depression" (Xia, Gopal, and Gross, p. 157, 2002). Indeed studies that have examined serotonin via its major metabolite, 5-hydroxyndoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) consistently indicate that 5-HIAA levels are low in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients (Davison, Neale and Kring, 2004). Because serotonin does not cross the blood-brain barrier, it must be synthesized locally. That is, it must be synthesized from within neurons in the brain. Once it is synthesized is then "released into the synapse from the cytoplasmic and vesicular reservoirs. Following release, serotonin is principally inactivated by reuptake into nerve terminals through a sodium/potassium (Na+/K+) adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) dependent carrier." (Tollefson and Rosenbalum, p. 27, 2001). Problems arise when too much serotonin is recaptured in the reuptake process during synapse or when to little serotonin is being locally manufactured in the central nervous system. As a result, too few serotonin neurotransmitters are able to make it across the synaptic cleft to stimulate postsynaptic receptors. Moreover, "in the absence of pharmacological manipulation, the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic nerve terminal typically leads to its inactivation" (Tollefson and Rosenbalum, p. 32, 2001). Low levels of serotonin have been most commonly linked to depression. For this reason, there have been many attempts by neuroscientists to develop antidepressant drugs that can interfere with the enzymes that eliminate serotonin neurotransmitters from the synapse. Indeed, though reuptake inhibition scientists hoped to be able to increase levels of serotonin in the CNS and thus ameliorate the negative affects of depression. One of the most recent breakthroughs in this pursuit was the development of the antagonist drug, fluoxetine. Fluoxetine (or Prozac) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and functions by acting as a barrier in the serotonin synaptic

Electronic Health Record Essay

The electronic health record also known as the EHR, has transformed the world of health care and documentation as we know it. An electronic health record is a â€Å" computer-based data warehouse or repository of information regarding the health status of a client, which is replacing the former paper-based medical record; it is the systematic documentation of a client’s health status and health care in a secured digital format , meaning that is can be processed, stored, transmitted, and accessed by authorized interdisciplinary professionals for the purpose of supporting efficient, high-quality health care across the client’s healthcare continuum† (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2015). Electronic health records has been an idea since the 1980’s but there was not a big push for use until President Bush made his union address in January 2004. He pushed for most Americans to have access to their electronic health records by 2014 (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2015). There are many benefits to the EHR that helps the patients, nurses, and other medical staff. There are also some concerns that have arisen as well. Overall the EHR, has been a positive change for the healthcare system as a whole. There are several advantages of the EHR not only for the healthcare worker but also for the patient. With EHR there is an increased quality of care due to the amount of information at hand from every available medical source. With this patients have more faster and efficient medical diagnosis and treatments (Spring, 2008). There is also more convenient data history that includes labs, medications, vaccination records, and medical tests that can be shared between physicians the patient is seeing (Electronic Health Record, 2014). This gives an overall better picture of the patient’s health as a whole. As with any advantages there is always some disadvantages.

Challenges Faced by Veterans after finishing their Term in the Military - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 561 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Military service is marred with massive challenges as the officers have to control or shun their emotions and only concentrate on the survival tactics in war. This takes its toll on the officers who have to develop the best methods towards developing better methods to balance these emotions once they come back after finishing their term. The traumatic experiences and massive problems faced on the war severely impact the service men and women on the battle field. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Challenges Faced by Veterans after finishing their Term in the Military" essay for you Create order Emotional and physical trauma leads to problems such as PTSD and complete disconnection with family and friends once one goes back home to their family. It is therefore, critical to assess the challenges faced by the veterans as they try to assimilate in the home environment after serving their term in the military. Thesis statement: Veteran soldiers face massive challenges in their re-entry to the society and it is important to develop the best support structures to ensure that this process is seamless in the society Emotional and physical trauma is one of the main challenges that faces the veterans once they have finished their service and come back home to their families. Emotional trauma is mainly caused by a heartbreaking event that the individual witnessed in the war and it took away the emotional precepts and connection with people. The deaths and horrors that the soldiers face during war are detrimental to their emotional stability and for some they experience a massive level of emotional trauma that causes a disconnection with the people in the society. Emotional trauma has been identified to be a major challenge reducing re-entry into the society by 26%. In addition, physical trauma that may have been caused by torture or other forms of traumatic events is also a major challenge for the veterans (Ahem et al, 2015). The soldiers face problems since for some they may have lost their limbs that changes their normal life. It becomes difficult for these individuals to be integrated within the system and develop proper models that are identified towards developing change in the systems back at home. Marriage family and dependants also pose a major challenge to the veterans since they do not develop the best connections that are aimed at developing proper models and intricate processes with their families (Ahem et al, 2015). The soldiers face their families after years or a long period which poses a major challenge since the soldiers do not understand the main methods that they can use to reignite past connection with their families. The lack of emotional connection is especially a critical aspect with the emotional attributes of the individual having been completely lost under the specific systems that are developed. Lack of proper support and understanding among family and friends also offers a major challenge. Family and friends do not understand the individual pressure that the veterans face and the horrors and events that they have had to go through in their past (Ahem et al, 2015). This is especially harder for veterans who suffer from PTSD or have flashbacks. It makes it impossible to develop proper connections and integrate the specific tools and processes towards matching the individual models needed accordingly. In conclusion, veteran soldiers are faced with massive challenges while trying to be integrated in their homes and with a lack of proper support structures, they land into another battle field that is closer to home.

A Dolls House As A Feminist Play Essay - 1032 Words

Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is a drama play that criticizes sensitive social issues toward women in Norwegian society in the 19th century. The play could also be considered as a feminist play that describes the story of an ordinary middle-class marriage. The writer in the play manifests his concern for women’s rights who will be treated like a doll despite all the sacrifices that they do to save their marriage. The writer uses commonplace language with a modern perspective to value gender equality through the character of Nora Helmer in his play. So, Ibsen presents Nora as the protagonist of the play who initially behaves as a naive and emotional child; however, her character grows through the play and she decides to search for her own†¦show more content†¦For example, he says Nora is a â€Å"spendthrift† (Ibsen 1656) like her father. But, Nora is ignorant enough not to realize that her husband considers her blood as a flaw as if there is someth ing in it that he doesn’t have control over to fix it. Nora is like an innocent bird that is trapped in a graceful cage built by her husband. Still, she is not noticing that Torvald does not treat her as equal as him because she is a woman. No doubt, Nora loves her husband and her family is her priority. Through the play, it is obvious Nora is very excited about her husband’s promotion and praises him in front of others. For example, she proudly explains to Mrs. Linden that her husband has become â€Å"the manager of the Joint Stock Bank† (Ibsen ) and his salary will increase significantly. Besides, it seems Nora is a caring mother because she is kind with her children and plays with them happily. Nora is also a good friend since she uses her influence over her husband to find a job for Mrs. Linden. Although Torvald doesn’t evaluate Nora as a proper adult, she is brave enough to borrow a loan from Nils Krogstad secretly to finance a trip to Italy to save her family. Nora hides the fact from Torvald because he opposes to borrow money in any circumstances. Nora for doing such a thing forges her father’s signature and stays in debt of Krogstad in a long time. Later, Nora reveals her secret to Mr s. Linden to show herShow MoreRelatedThe Moral Depravity Of Fathers Essay1471 Words   |  6 PagesThe Moral Depravity of Fathers in A Doll’s House Fatherhood is universally associated with themes of dependability, authority and reliability. Ibsen’s A Doll’s House has a fair amount of fathers, however, few of them exhibit any of these characteristics. Instead of ensuring security for their families, fathers in A Doll’s House are disinterested in their children. Some of the fathers are renown liars, some are spreaders of the diseases of their infidelity and some cannot provide enough money to supportRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1639 Words   |  7 PagesIn the play A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibsen examines the roles of a woman during the nineteenth century in a male dominated Victorian society. The play is a well-played out journey of the main character, Nora, self-discovery and struggles against the oppression of her husband Torvald and the society he represents. Nora, who is the wife of Torvald Helmer, is the heroine of the play in the end. At the beginning of Act I, the scene is a clear p icture of the lifestyle of the Helmer’s household. TheRead MoreEssay on Feminist Protagonists in The Awakening and A Dolls House755 Words   |  4 PagesThe Feminist Protagonists in The Awakening and A Dolls House    The idea of womens liberation is a common theme in both Kate Chopins The Awakening and Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House. In her analysis of Feminism in Europe Katharine M. Rogers writes, Thinking of Noras painful disillusionment, her parting from her children, and the uncertainties of her future independent career, Ibsen called his play the tragedy of modern times (82). The main characters in each work, Nora Helmer, in A DollRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is a play that makes tremendous contributions to the rise of international women’s liberation movements. Much significance of the play can be found in the characterization of its female protagonist Nora. In many aspects, Nora has become an iconic character, serving as a source of inspiration to various social and cultural movements. This essay aims to trace the development of Nora’s behavior from a â€Å"female doll† to a â€Å"woma n rebel† by focusing on Ibsen’s use of linguisticRead MoreA Doll’s House and Top Girls2459 Words   |  10 PagesA Comparative Essay of A Doll’s House and Top Girls Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House and Caryl Churchill’s Top Girls both are a pillar of critical writing about the society they were originally produced in and have a central theme of the oppression of women, which makes them great sources of feminist reviews. Although Ibsen â€Å"abandoned the concept that the play was about gender roles† (Urban, 1997), the central question is beyond the original context within which the plays were produced and receivedRead More Ibsen, Strindberg and Feminism Essay examples2824 Words   |  12 Pagesplaywrights with playing key roles in the rise of feminism. However, were Ibsen and Strindberg attempting to write about the emancipation of women in the 19th century as a feminist issue? To explore this issue this essay will consider key play texts of both writers, Ibsen’s A Doll’s House and Strindberg’s Miss Julie. A Doll’s House will be considered through the reaction of London critics in the 19th ce ntury, the women’s political movements in Norway and other influences in Ibsen’s life at the timeRead MoreDiscuss About the Miracle in a Doll’s House2137 Words   |  9 Pagesè ¯ ¾Ã§ ¨â€¹Ã¨ ® ºÃ¦â€"‡ FORE120009.01 çŽ °Ã¤ » £Ã¦ ¬ §Ã§ ¾Å½Ã¦Ë† Ã¥â€° §Ã¥  Ã§ ¯â€¡Ã¨ µ Ã¦Å¾  Discuss about the Miracle in A Doll’s House é™ ¢ ç ³ »Ã¯ ¼Å¡Ã§ » Ã¦ µÅ½Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã©â„¢ ¢ ä ¸â€œ ä ¸Å¡Ã¯ ¼Å¡Ã¥â€º ½Ã©â„¢â€¦Ã©â€¡â€˜Ã¨Å¾ Ã§ ³ » Ã¥ §â€œ Ã¥  Ã¯ ¼Å¡Ã©â„¢Ë†Ã¥ â€œÃ¤ ½ © Ã¥ ­ ¦ Ã¥  ·Ã¯ ¼Å¡11307100212 æâ€" ¥ æÅ"Ÿï ¼Å¡2013Ã¥ ¹ ´6æÅ"ˆ6æâ€" ¥ Abstract This article focuses on the miracle Nora mentions in Act Three of A Doll’s House. The miracle Nora hopes for â€Å"in terror and hope† is for her husband to change and accept responsibility. But Torvald’s initial reaction towards her sacrifice is panic, thenRead MoreJane Austens Novel Sense and Sensibility: An Analysis1492 Words   |  6 Pagesyet Marianne is no feminist role model. Austens Sense and Sensibility show that women are as much to blame as men for perpetuating patriarchy. Marianne does not have any ambitions as far as political activism or career fulfillment is concerned. She is content to live the life proscribed to her by the prevailing patriarchy. That is, Marianne is obsessed with getting married to a suitable man. Although Marianne seems like she would be the strongest candidate for becoming a feminist role model, it isRead MoreComparison Of Antigone And The Dolls House1400 Words   |  6 PagesAnother theme that prevails in both the plays is power. It is exactly what the two characters Creon and Helmer in both the plays namely Antigone and the Dolls house had. Creons tyrannical power on a macro scale as a ruler with Helmers high handed treatment of his wife on a micro level as head of a family is to be discussed in this essay. Both men come across as misogynists. Their quickness to judge and judge harshly seems to be emphasized in both cases. Creon is shown with diverse relationsRead MoreComparing The Historical And Intellectual Circumstances Surrounding The Writing Of Two3390 Words   |  14 PagesCompare the historical and intellectual circumstances surrounding the writing of two formally contrasting plays, commenting on their impact upon each play’s purpose and reception. (Choose one realist and one non-realist play from the list of set texts) A defining act, speech or movement can make history. When someone goes against the norm and convention is thrown aside, defining work is immediately recognised. History is made up of good and bad, the moral and immoral, but all encompass one another

Effects Of Climate Change On Species - 2377 Words

Effect of Climate Change on Species Over the years, the populations of many species have been affected due to human activities such as hunting and releasing fossil fuels, which seems to be the major culprit in causing climate change. Releasing these gases into the air is affecting the species because more carbon dioxide being released into the air, which causes heat to be trapped into the atmosphere. This action has caused some species to have problems to survive in the environment and decrease the population, eventually causing extinction. In some cases, species have found a way to adapt to the environment through genetic changes caused be evolution. The mechanisms of phenotypic resilience and evolutionary adaptation allows species to obtain the potential to adapt to warmer environments. Phenotypic resilience is where the species possess the ability to portray different phenotypes in a changing environment. In animals, the traits that respond to selection are migratory patterns , key morphological traits, life history traits, body size, and host preferences (Vellend et al., 2007). Overall, the question of whether the species adapt or become extinct due to climate changes varies. There is not a straightforward explanation because some populations might decreases and some populations might dramatically increase. The ecosystem and environment is too large and broad to have a specific answer. The risk of extinction from climate change varies across a variety ofShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Climate Change On Species1243 Words   |  5 PagesClimate change poses a fundamental threat to hundreds of thousands of animal species and their survival on earth. Our planet is warming faster than at any time in the past 10,000 years ( Jones, K. (2015, July 05). Impact of climate change on species. Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/species/problems/climate_change/). 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The earth’s climate change causes habitats such as snow, ice, or forest areas to alter, resulting in loss of habitat and food accessibility as well as causingRead MoreThe Legal Effect Of Critical Habitat Designation1239 Words   |  5 Pageshabitat, that deemed â€Å"essential to the survival of a species†, presents an important habitat designation with regard to species protection as it requires the consideration of specific geographic areas inhabited by the species, as well as those areas currently unoccupied by the given species, but which may provide conservation benefit nonetheless.[1] The legal effect of critical habitat designation are described by sections 4 and 7 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) respectively, they; authorize the USRead MoreCarbon Dioxide And The Effects Of Climate Change1517 Words   |  7 PagesCarbon Dioxide and the Effects of Climate Change At the 2016 Oscar awards, Leonardo DiCaprio received a long-awaited first Oscar, only to mention climate change as, â€Å"the most urgent threat facing our entire species.† Talk of climate change has become more prevalent in recent years, but has not done so unjustified. Global ambient air temperatures have risen at alarming rates and are projected to rise up to 6 degrees Celsius by the year 2100. 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Most scientists think that climate change is primarily caused by human activities. Temperature and precipitation shifts directly affect biota, and scientists think that as the climate continues to change, the biodiversity inRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On Food Production1718 Words   |  7 PagesThe state in Australia most vulnerable to the effects of climate change is Queensland (Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence, 2010, page 23). Queensland has one of the world’s highest rates of greenhouse gas emissions per capita, which has only continued to increase over the last decade (Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence, 2010, page 23). The last decade was the warmest recorded in Queensland’s history, with temperatures being 0.58 degrees Celci us higher than the average for

Same-Sex Marriage free essay sample

Peggy McKever Short Essay Comp III South University Online Dr. A. Reynolds May 17, 2013 Same-sex marriage is it legal? Is it moral? These questions are still in high debate in many of the states in the U. S. A. This subject has become so debatable that it has become the attention of everyone from the high courts down to gay activist groups. In my essay I will attempt to talk about the pros and cons of both sides. ProQuest Staff. At Issue: Same-Sex Marriage. ProQuest LLC. 2013: n. pag. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 11 May 2013. This author is Proquest Staff, this article is reliable for my paper because the Proquest staff research and pick the best articles for research. ProQuest Staff. At Issue: Same-Sex Marriage Timeline. ProQuest LLC. 2013: n. pag. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 11 May 2013. This author Proquest staff are a reliable research team. I feel this is a great article for my research because of the reliability of Proquest. We will write a custom essay sample on Same-Sex Marriage or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Loth, Renee, (2013). Freedom of Speech for Whom? Boston Globe, May 04, 2013, Web retrieved May 17, 2013. I feel this article is an accurate research article, because the author states about the Constitution freedom of speech rights. This article speaks about business and business owners having the right to not serve the gay community. The first source I found was, Shes our Thurgood Marshall ‘Iin fight for marriage rights, (Stolberg, 2013) New York Times. Retrieved from SIRS Researcher. This article details the advocacy for gay rights. The advocates name is Mary Bonauto a lawyer and mother of twins. This article details how she has fought and won many same-sex marriage cases in the court. Swartz, J. , Liptak, A. (2013, March 01). U. S. asks justices to reject a ban on gay marriages. New York Times. Retrieved from SIRS Researcher, May 15, 2013. Swartz and Liptak speak about reasons why same-sex marriages cannot be legal, however these authors speak about the heightened scrutiny of the courts in question as to why the same-sex marriages need to be left up to the states individually. This articles speaks about the recent arguments of why the same-sex marriages can’t be legal. This article also shows that Obama’s reasons on this subject Loller, T. (2013, February 03). Evangicals taking some focus off homosexuality. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from SIRS Researcher May 11, 2013. I feel this article will be of providing great information on how the churches feel about same-sex marriages. The constitution and same-sex marriage. (2013, March 22). Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from SIRS researcher Retrieved May 11, 2013. This article shares knowledge on recent cases that are not just about marriage, but how we reach decisions regarding matters of deep moral significances. Fisher, M. (2012, February 24). For black clergy, issue is not a civil rights one. Washington Post. Retrieved from SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 19 May 2013. This articles states that the black clergy have begun to comment on the biblical principles should not be used to govern any laws of the land. I feel this is a good article because of no one would think the clergy would use this type of thought in this issue. References Fisher, M. (2012, February 24). For black clergy, issue is not a civil rights one. Washington Post. Retrieved from SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 19 May 2013 Freedom of speech for whom? (2013, May 04). Boston Globe. Retrieved from SIRS Researcher. Web. 18 May 2013 In fight for marriage rights, She’s our Thurgood Marshall. (2013, March 28). New York Times. Retrieved from SIRS Researcher Web. 17 May 2013 Loller, T. (2013, February 03). Evangicals taking some focus off homosexuality. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from SIRS Researcher May 11, 2013 2013). At issue: Same-sex marriage. Proquest LLC, N. A. Retrieved from SIRS Researcher: Retrieved May 08, 2013 (2013). At issue: Same-sex Timeline. Proquest LLC, N. A. Retrieved from SIRS Researcher: Retrieved May 08, 2013 Swartz, J. , Liptak, A. (2013, March 01). U. S. asks justices to reject a ban on gay marriages. New York Times. Retrieved from SIRS Researcher, May 15, 2013 The constitution and same-sex marriage. (2013, March 22). Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from SIRS researcher Retrieved May 11, 2013