October 2007 IMF-World Bank Annual Meeting Essay

October 2007 IMF- humankind Bank Annual get together - Essay Examplehousing commercialize, adverse credit conditions, and the rapid appreciation of whatever currencies could be some of the areas of concern in the days to come. Djoudi confirmed that the World Bank is defining strategic directions to address this evolution threat. The World Bank would focus on good governance and financial stability frameworks, knowledge transfer, and adhesive agreements on trade and aid to mitigate the impacts.Otohiko Endo (Temporary Alternate Governor of the Bank and the Fund for JAPAN) suggested that IMF should establish a new crisis-resolution strategy built upon the responses to the movement of private capital across borders. He said that IMF must(prenominal) set up a user-friendly preventive instrument, taking into consideration the views of major emerging market economies. For surveillance, he recommended that IMF should shift its emphasis from a static analysis of the current situation tow ard a energetic analysis of the risk of financial crises over a medium-term horizon.Globalization was identified as matchless of the other primary challenges. Globalization has brought uneven benefits to the billions in middle income countries and the developed countries are also go about the opportunities and strains of globalization. A few steps, as suggested by the participants, to mitigate the risks of globalization include Leveraging the strengths and synergies among the four bargainer entities that make up the World Bank Group - IBRD, IDA, IFC, and MIGA.IDA 15 replenishment with more contribution from the World Bank.Stronger growth strategy for IFC.Better cooperation between IDA and IFC to boost the private sector in poorer economies.Price reduction and reduction for loans from IBRD.World Bank President Bob Zoellick assured that the development committee would focus on strategic direction of the World Bank Group, IDA15 replenishment, and the role of the Bank in the fight a gainst global mood change.Infratructure is also a basic necessity in the global economic environment, a overleap of which is a definite threat to growth. It is serious concern, considering that the investment in infrastructure has declined significantly in developing countries. subversive activity in governments is one of the key detriments to infrastructure development. A World Bank report says that Africa could have deliver $45 billion in road reconstruction costs if had spent just around $12 billion in the late 80s towards maintenance of the roads. So, the issue in most of the developing countries is not only lack of infrastructure, but a lack of will to invest in it, coupled with corruption.Reforms or Changes in IMF indemnityThe Minister of Finance for Nigeria - Shamsuddeen Usman - emphasized that the developing countries need a greater voice and representation in the two institutions, and the greater voice would come only through the quota arrangements. He called for at lea st a tripling of the basic votes for the developing countries, and the other quota and voice reforms, especially using

Developing Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

growing Leadership - Essay ExampleThe main purpose of doing a self assessment is, according to self-importance Assessment Ways of Learning (n.d.), is for an individual to self-assess how (he or she) learns so that adjustments in the teaching approach may be made(and) There are a number of theories of encyclopedism styles. In order to increase my study and the great power to gain knowledge and to know what the best approaches will work for me, I must do a self assessment. There are many theories of learning and it best to know which superstars I am more compatible and open to.Psychometric instruments, which are used to whole step psychological things, include tests and questionnaires that measure personality, verbal reasoning, numerical reasoning, managerial judgment, motivation, the ability to work on (your) own, and the ability to work with others, etc. were used. The psychometric instrument used for this essay was a self-report questionnaire where the candidate responded to a series of statements - with no right or wrong answers - and the completed questionnaire gave insight to various areas of the individuals personality and reasoning. (Exciting Future, Author Unknown, n.d.) I was born on February 10, 1975, and the languages that I fluently speak include English, Urdu and Pushto. My work history includes employment as Manager in toll Cutter Super Market Whitby Road Slough and worked in Agriculture Research. My skills, previous research work, education, and bring can be found in the portfolio which is enclosed with this essay.My education, research skills, and computer knowledge is evident and consonant with the feedback and performance appraisals (which are include in the portfolio of evidence that is enclosed with this writing) that were provided by one of my professors and previous employers. With the ability to concentrate for long periods of time, as stated by a professor, I was able to survive academically, became highly skilled in research, and acquire excellent computer and IT skills. I possess a really serious and practical approach to higher studies as this is my passion. There is always room for more learning and growing, I truly believe. As stated earlier, this detailed critical examination of self uses a Competing determine Management Practices Survey, a psychometric instrument which was used for self assessment at one of the universities I attended. This survey is a form of the Myer Briggs instrument. The Developing Leadership 3instructions of the assessment were Listed downstairs are some statements that describe managerial practices. Indicate how often you engage in the behaviors, using the casing below to respond to each statement. Please place a number from 1 to 7, Almost neer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Almost always, in the set beside each question. The areas or roles in which I scored very high included The Monitor, The Coordinator, The Mentor, and The Facilitator. The areas/roles that I scored medium included Th e Producer and The Director. Finally, the areas that I scored lower included The Innovator and The Broker. The

Week 10 TW questions 13&14 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 10 TW questions 13&14 - Essay ExampleIn summary jury trial, the parties present evidence to a six-bench jury who give their nonbinding decision from the presentations. Lastly, a summary bench trial is more or little like the prior but the case is tried before a judge instead of a jury. According to Glannon (2008), all the decisions from the court related ADR are nonbinding and any dissatisfied parties are free to operate and file appeals to the courts.These are ways of resolving disputes by avoiding the courts in totality hence decisions by these methods of contract are binding and final to the parties. The methods include- negotiation, mediation, binding arbitration, ministerial and private judging with mediation and arbitration beingness the most popular according to research (Glannon, 2008). Negotiation entails the engagement of the parties in a discussion and conclusion a solution by themselves. Ministerial and private judging of cases calls for the involvement of indep endent ministers and judges individually out of the courts in helping to resolve disputes between individuals after careful considerations. According to Glannon (2008), the main leaving between courts related ADR and Private ADR is that Private ADRs are final and

Recent Discoveries in Egypt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Recent Discoveries in Egypt - Essay ExampleThe exact dates of Nefertitis vivification be open to debate, but she was definitely a significant part of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, and the dates of her six daughters are estimated to range between the familys of 1348-1339 B.C. Part of the difficulty ascertaining her lifetime is related to the possibility that she bore a different name prior to her marriage to Pharaoh Amenhotep IV, who himself changed his name to Akhenaten when he began to worship Aten in 1346. There is dinky doubt that Nefertiti wielded unprecedented influence for a queen, at some point being named co-regent, and the images depicting her beside her hubby show her of similar size as his portrayal implying an almost equal status. Although Nefertiti bore Akhenaten six daughters, it was a minor wife named Kiya who bore him his son and future heir, Tutankhaten (meaning the Living Image of the Aten) who was later to become the pharaoh Tutankhamun. Kiya now disappeared fro m all records, possibly due to Nefertiti feeling threatened, although Nefertiti herself would disappear from any historical reference by the year 1336. Speculation begins here, for this is the same year that Smenkhkare became co-ruler with Akhenaten, actually surviving him by two years. Many suspicions abound Smenkhkare, whose maidenlike image closely resembled depictions of Nefetiti, and whose regal name, Nefernefruaten, is so similar to Nefertiti that some theories conclude that it is simply Nefertiti by a different name as she continued to rise in power.

Examining Insurance Policies Part 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Examining Insurance Policies Part 3 - Essay ExampleAirport premises indebtedness multiplyage is an additional coverage to an aircraft financial obligation insurance constitution that covers for bodily injury or position violate that results from the use of airport premises for both the parking and storage of the aircraft. This basic eithery implies that the policy coverage will apply only to your premises (Prather 17). This policy will let in any if not both of the following coverage personal injury, premises and operations liability insurance, contractual and premises medical salary insurance. However, the good thing about this policy is that the policy may be tailored to meet the fussy requirements of the insured.Hull and liability coverage will mainly cover the aircraft with all its components which include the engine, the propeller and all the other systems and the permanently attached equipment to the aircraft in addition to the avionics (viation Cases 1945). Under the aircraft liability coverage, claims from risks that ay result to property damage and bodily injury or death by members of the public and passengers.Some of the endorsements that I would recommend is the CGL policy coverage which can be provided to premises liability, products and completed operations. Other additional coverage that will be covered against include personal injury liability, liability incurred in advertising the host liquor liability in addition to hanger keepers coverage in the case of FBO operations (Prather 21). This coverage I believe would become you best as you have other services like the class room instructions piece of music also conducting aerial tours in his aerial photography side job.Some of the exclusions you should look out for include the ground hanger keepers legal liability which will come into play especially when you hire out the aircraft. The cover will provide for liability of damage to the property when the damage occurs as a result of neglig ence when the property is under the control

The Scientific Method Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Scientific mode - Assignment ExampleHence, it could be stated that gr tucker outer the amount of charging, the earlier the shellings action will end. 5. Alternative hypotheses a. Charging your battery more often exposes it to voltage variations in the power sockets leading to battery failure. b. Only cheaper batteries tend to lose their effective life when charged too often. occasion II The information presented by Horowitz is misleading since it is repetitive and tends to refocus on the same categories repeatedly. For example, the first item in the rock is reaching, cant overing while the second item is changing audio controls which would require the driver to reach and lean as well. There is no categorical organization that was utilized to present the data by Horowitz. The deficiency of hardcore categorization means that data may grant been repeated in various categories since the presented categories slang fluid boundaries. For example, the item data eating / drinki ng / spilling might have entries that are redundant with entries for preparing to eat / drink. In this manner, Horowitz has expanded his list of top driver distractions so that the cellular telecommunicate workout categories are pushed down to a practically lower level. On an different note, Horowitzs classification scheme could have benefited if he chose to group together related items such as adult distraction, nipper distraction and baby distraction into one category such as human distraction. This would have allowed the list to be more realistic and in line with scientific principles on the presentation of data. However, Horowitz has chosen to expand on the distractions in order to drive cellular send for use to a much lower section in the list. For example, Horowitzs classification of cellular phone use is split into tierce list items namely talking on a cell phone, dialing a cell phone and answering a cell phone which tends to drive these items much lower on the list. O n the other hand, if these three items were combined into one category such as cellular phone use, their combined turn out on the list would have been much higher. Horowitz has effectively manipulated his data to lower the frequency of his supported actions (cellular phone use) versus other list items to lower cellular phone use position on the overall list. Part III 1. Blairs statement needs to be decomposed into its principal segments to look at its defects. The first component of Blairs statement is overweight people who exercise regularly while the second component is convention weight people who do not (exercise). The third component of Blairs statement is live drawn-out than and tends to impinge directly on mortality rates. The last component of Blairs statement requires the greatest fear since it is used to assess the first two components. Looking closely at the first statement it becomes absolved that the statement is self contradictory. If overweight people were to ex ercise regularly, their weight would tend to reduce dramatically bountiful to classify them as normal weight people within the time frame of Blairs domain since losing weight does not take years but months. Moreover, a primary reason for obesity is the overleap of exercise that overweight people are used to in their lifestyle. Again this method of looking at Blair

Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assassination of Abraham capital of Nebraska - Essay ExampleThe author begins the article by providing a skeleton discussion of some of the activities that were undertaken by the Republicans in the political year of 1992. Specifically, the article describes the origin of Abraham capital of Nebraska from authorities and how certain leaders who came after him made efforts to emulate his leadership styles.The author uses examples of leaders such as Ronald Reagan and George Bush Senior and how their contributed towards the development of the legacy of Abraham Lincoln. He uses examples of republican leaders and how their created emphasis of good aspects of Lincolns leadership styles hence contributing to the development of his political legacy. The study strength of the article is ground on the fact that the information is properly presented in a comprehensive language, making it easy to understand. However, its major weakness lies on the fact that the author has not provided the sou rce of his/her information.The author of this article focused on the aftermath of the black lotion of Abraham Lincoln. The first page of the article indicates a picture of a group of batch that appears to be in a meeting. The introductory paragraph of the article basically describes accusations that occur with regard to the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Moreover, the author has applied pictures to create more insight of the events that unfolded after the assassination. These pictures present scenarios of past politicians, majorly after Lincolns death. The use of pictures in the article is its major strength. It also appears that some extent, there is excessive use pictures in the article hence presenting limited written information. This could be its major weakness.This article presents a falsehood published on 15th March, 1979 the author focuses on the assassination of Lincoln and the events that unfolded as the investigation tie in to the assassination.

Principles of Marketing Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Principles of Marketing Communications - Essay ExampleThe current marketing communication bunk of IKEA can be regarded as an effective strategy for building long-term loyalty and relationship among its customers. though marketing communication is an age-old concept, its strategies and implementation techniques are evolving as customer demands and preferences are changing. It is no dubiousness that the marketer has shifted from product marketing to customer marketing and ultimately to relationship marketing (Kitchen and Li, 2005). In ordinance to create long lasting relationship with customers, it is important to send messages which are creative and offer more than just products or service. As a result, organisations are increasingly trying to attract customer care offering service which helps them to improve their overall quality of life. Creating advertisements and shakes with a social propaganda has become one of the study trends among big and successful firms (Balmer and Gra y, 2003). The same concept has been implemented by IKEA in its current brand campaign where the objective is to encourage children and adults to spend more time together. It can be at home doing activities such(prenominal) as, baking, cleaning or simple relaxing, apart from playing and making merry. As a result, the organisation upheld a three minute documentary of a particular family created by the mother. The idea was to send customers the message that IKEA understands how individuals halt at home and various challenges that they face especially when it comes to working at home.

Disscussion question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Disscussion question - Assignment ExampleEffecting of sanctions and embargoes might do more misemploy than beneficial to a country for this reason it should be done carefully after assessment of the attainable aftermaths. America at one point had an embargo on almost all commodities excluding fossil oil this was because oil is one of their economies driving forces.The other strategy is through innovations which drive towards sustainable growth and quality jobs. found on the idea that US economy is reliant on fossil fuels, it is tremendously valuable for the US government to protect consumers and businesses against harmful price shocks. Lovett, Eckes & Brinkman (2004) further explains that it has been the governments role to as sure enough day-and-night supply of strategic materials such as oil. For a long time, the U.S has left this task to the national abnegation stockpile which ensures that materials needed are available in time of war and this meant leaving it to the free commercialize to guarantee supply for the industrial economy. In order to trim down US dependence on doubtful sources of supply of strategic materials need to be based on a combination of approaches (Lovett, Eckes, & Brinkman 2004). by means of planned purchasing and procurement, the state ensures availability of strategic materials. When it is done by professional, it is termed as supply management. This makes sure that there is a constant supply of the strategic materials needed to the state and in a sightly time so that there are no cases of deficit (Lovett, Eckes, & Brinkman (2004).As many would believe, US indemnity should be aiming at increasing trade. It is fascinating to note that, not all Americans are happy with the policy makers as the majorly dwell on business importance coupled with overwhelming goodwill that incorporate other priorities.Eckes (2000) argues that for a long time, now majority of American have been supporting the trade policy as they believe that it wi ll improve trade. For instance, in 2001, poll

Political Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Campaign - Essay ExampleWe reiterate our tin that re-create is against our social ethics and moral principles and equals to questioning God (Yaros article, third space-reflection symmetry ). The advocates of cloning leave one day be punished by the God. We promise you that, if voted to power, we will bring a durable Federal Law banning the practice of cloning through a Bill in the social intercourse which has failed to pass despite its introduction several times in the past. ( Laws on human cloning, third Para ).Cloning indicates the scientific advancement man has achieved over the years and stands as a tall looker for the supremacy of science. The creation of Dolly (The first successful clone of a sheep, first Para.) was only a first step in the right direction the scientific community had moved in the sphere of influence of cloning. The advocates of its ban have no right to talk of ethics and morals as these issues are non their exclusive domains. One wants to kn ow how cloning affects the tradition, morals and ethics. God had created humans and other living beings only did not stop at that. God encouraged us to invent so many things and cloning can be one of them.

Reflective Activity Week 8.2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflective Activity Week 8.2 - Essay ExampleAs a result the entire boldness began to deteriorate. The workers stopped producing quality work there was an growth in absenteeism, an increase in unpunctuality, customers began to make more official complaints, the financial aspect of business began to decline and the output began to decrease. In short there was a total decline in the overall performance of the organization. The transpose chess opening was therefore unsuccessful on all counts. The first stage of Lewins change process unfreezing involves preparing the organization for a necessary change. In our case there was no facility one morning we had a male manager and by the afternoon the organization was starless. There was no time to prepare. The new head came within a week. This individual had no idea of the organizations culture but began to change everything that was formally in place within the first week of duty. Again there was little preparation there was little com municated to the members. Instead we were assigned additional duties without thorough explanation. In hindsight one can entrance that the manager attacked the organization from its core, that is, from the beliefs, values and behaviors of the employees. As such, the subordinates and the managers were in constant opposition to each other.

In each industry, technology determines industrial structure, which Essay

In distributively industry, technology determines industrial bodily structure, which determines the conduct of firms, which in turn determines the performance of firms. justify and critically evaluate this statement - Essay Example only the reflection of this relationship would be sooner clearly evident in relation with the entitys market performance. In a larger macroeconomic context, such technological changes are in a broader sense expected to make impacts in the frugality my as well.The aim to which technology would affect the performance of an industry is however heterogeneous. This would mean that the micro level response of various firms to technological innovations and policy changes would vary to a larger extent (Smith K ,1999). However while analysing the macro level relationship, an evident sign of linkage can be found amid the industrys performance in the global scenario and the technology. This linkage has been found in the history of either industry. To understa nd the relevance of this statement the replacement of many traditional hand driven industries with automated technologies would be an ideal example. Ranging from agriculture to oil mining, technology always has changed the face and structure of the specific industry as per the standards of the age. However it is true that there are many other factors which drive the technological innovations specific to each industry.From the experiences in the history, it is quite evident that technology would bring massive change in the industrial structure both generic and specific to individual firms. Along with the relation of the structural changes with the performance of individual firms, it to a fault important to understand the integration of these individual changes into complex social and economic relationships with their environments (Smith K ,1999). There are number of theories explaining the macro effect of the structural changes in the industry in relation with technology.This theory is found on the disequlibrium crop model based on creative destruction. It clearly proves the relationship of performance and growth of the industry with the introduction of substantial changes in

Customer Service- Reflection Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Customer Service- Reflection Paper - Assignment ExampleMy perspective on guest service centers on the immense benefits that it has on the government. In this regard, therefore, I believe that it is essential for any presidency to undertake customer service in order to equip employees with excellent customer relations qualities (Online Trainees, 2013).When I first learnt about customer service, I found some ideas quite interesting to me. One of the closely interesting ideas was research I came to learn that any customer training program has to incorporate research. This helps the organization to understand the needs of their customers. Another important idea is training employees have to be subjected to training on a continuous basis as this helps them the needs of customers. My philosophy of customer service is based on the belief that customers are crucial in determining the success of an organization. As such, employees of the customer service plane section should possess the requisite knowledge on how to clutches customers. As a customer service manager, I will apply the concepts of this course my job. The principles will help me manage my staff and teach them skills on how to handle customers with care.Apple can be credited as a company that provides excellent customer service. all over the years, Apple has provided customer service through an online platform that allows customers to get support from the staff. Through such a platform, customers can gain knowledge on the products offered by the company and the availability of the

Global governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

world(a) governance - Essay ExampleAs such, globose governance is understood to be a turn that yields guidelines and treaties through consensus. These agreements and regulations in turn influence the operation of separately country in the global perspective.No single definition of global governance has escaped criticism. In the same dimension, there has never been a common understanding of the meaning of the experimental condition global governance, with different scholars trying to find their won fitting definitions, which have only proved controversial.3 Global governance is an unstructured term with numerous interpretations. However, all users of the term global governance conform to the idea of absence of global anarchy.4The concept of sovereignty is that every community can make decisions and act autonomously without interference of other nations. On the other hand, global governance demands that each country should make decisions and act in such a manner that does not vio late global regulations and agreements. Therefore, global governance, in as much as it appears to challenge national sovereignty, does more on the sustenance and balancing relationship between national governments than it challenges the concept of sovereignty.Pattberg, Philipp. Global Governance Reconstructing a Contested cordial Science Concept, GARNET Working Paper No 04/06, Accessed on November 9, 2014

Sex Education and Why It Should Be Increased in Schools Essay

energize Education and Why It Should Be Increased in Schools - Essay ExampleTeenagers should be made mindful around the issue of jejune pregnancy and its consequences by promoting sex breeding in their schools. Sex education is a term used to describe education about human sexuality. It includes the teaching of human sexual behavior, male and female anatomy, reproduction, contraception and sexually transmitted diseases. Sex is a subject to which teens ar non properly introduced. People in their teens are only exposed to sex with their friends, media and sometimes through their parents. This makes them unaware of the details linked with sexual intercourse and reproduction. It has been seen that teen pregnancies are most common where the puerilers are not formally improve on the subject of sex. Schools play a very important office in educating the students as it provides an environs for learning. Such an environment is necessary if the teens are to be properly educated ab out sex. When they are properly equipped with the knowledge, it broadens their position and the students prat form their own point of view regarding sex. It is also seen that places where education is less common tend to have a higher rate of teenage pregnancies. Contraception and sexually transmitted diseases are the subjects which need most highlighting. ... Hence the sex education teens fetch at the hands of their parents is inadequate. This makes it ever so important to include special classes in schools to enlighten the students about sex. A further important thing is the timing at which this education should be imparted. Most of the students that are in their late teens would have already experimented on a sexual relationship. Hence teens should be minded(p) classes when they are near puberty so that they have all the knowledge about sex and can think over it before starting a relationship. Rather than focusing on the facts and problems related to sex, teens should be give n adequate information to prevent them. They should be taught about problems related to sexuality like complications in menstrual cycles, sexually transmitted diseases and early pregnancies. Teens should be told about contraception and how it could be achieved and from where they can brook condoms without embarrassing themselves (Davis, 1995). Sex education will undoubtedly prevent a large number of teenage pregnancies that arise due to lack of proper information about the sexual experience. Once it is decided that the schools arrest sex education in their curriculum, it is imperative to look for a teacher that can cater to teenagers needs and understand their psychology. The teacher should be confident and talk to the teenagers like a friend so that they fathom their confusions without adhereting uncomfortable. Also the classes for sex education should be conducted in a single sex environment that is boys should have a class with all boys and the same goes for the girls. With such planning, teenagers will be able to get most out of the class (Irvine,

The media institutions operate under advance capitalism Essay Example for Free

The media institutions choke under advance capitalism EssayToday, just a fistful of firms ar responsible for most of the entropy that people sees, find outs or reads. Most disturbing of the intentness of self-control is the unregulated and near-complete control over information in the pass of a small number of really powerful corporations. These big corporations of mass communication and media atomic number 18 becoming more and more influential our lives. The media institutions operate under advance capitalism. The information that we get is selected and framed to serve particular political and economic interests, much(prenominal) as commercial needs and corporate needs, but not individuals interests. The effect of TV, dairy tidingspaper, magazines and internet so far has bounteously been to increase the political crises and profit motive. If communication and media are abuse, they female genital organ be used a turn inst society, and changing our world in a very negative way.Western democracies select free- merchandise economies, in which individuals are at liberty to produce and consume according to their own interests.1 In our society, our democracy is based on the free exchange of information, on an open market place of ideas. umteen communication activities have been returned to clannish hands from the public ownership due to the privatization and deregulation. There are several reasons for the concentration of ownership and the supply down of government regulation.Firstly, revenue-strapped governments have become eager to assign more and more areas of the economy to market forces.2 Some government action can carry on to a less efficient allocation of re authors and weari roughly down the development of the economy. For example, regulatory agencies fixed the prices can only allow the corporate to earn a normal rate of return. In addition, due to the changing of economy, many small firms expand their power by selling to local market , merge up by a bigger corporation. The powerful corporation can fix the prices and control output to maximize the profits, which can benefit the economy growth. They can even vacillation prices to drive the other competitors out of the business. Implementing the intercept requirements could harm the competitiveness of our country products in the global market.Secondly, the growth of the technology allowed the market to expand without bound. For example, the Internet is a new method of communication and a source of information that is becoming more popular, which every cardinal can access it from anywhere and anytime. The government cannot interfere with what we see and hear makes it more and more difficult for depicted object governments to assume control of cultural production. Thirdly, peoples sense of belonging to the national community has changed.3 People do not want to put more power in the hands of the government. They think government involvement creates even more proble m than they can solve. Sometime can lead to a less efficiently, wasting time and money.The deregulations of the mass communication and media have be the public interests. The factors of concentration of ownership, the profit motive and advertisers interests are the main key to determining the production and the content of news and media. The concentrate and the media are responsible for reporting news, issues and events as clearly as possible. Since we are educated just about what is occurrence in the world around us and updated on issues that we care. Any distortions can cause the information to be misinterpreted or completely wrong, result in the misinforming of the public. However, based on the capitalism, large media corporations make profit by selling the audiences to the advertisers. For example, the economic structure of a newspaper is that it sells readers to other business.They are not really severe to sell newspaper to people. They just try to increase their readership s in order to increase the publicize rate.4 They are not trying to provide what people want to see, but to communicate the public to a large number of companies or businesses. The media content is depending on the advertising company, which can affect both the content of news as well as the process by which news is created. We have to think deeply about the questions such as How all these factors affect peoples lives? What purpose does peoples lives serve as? Can we continue to gain the absolute truth? However, the sad thing is many people do not know or concern the horrors that control and power can bring to our society. Corporate journalism and corporate control of the cultural, information and entertainment complex have always existed.The media has been increased the political crises around the world. Take 911 as an example, the U.S. media prone huge coverage to the attacks and their aftermath, but omitting a critical and accurate discussion of the context.5 The way which news broadcast, print, intercommunicate and Internet present news has a great effect on our emotion or feeling. Many Canadians are indignant as much as the Americans are when we heard that thousands people were killed by an airplanes make up in the World Trade Center. They support U.S to start the war against Iraqi because they are deeply catch by the mass media. The truth is, beside the reason of revenge and the elimination of terrorism, is the over taking of the petroleum a one of the reasons too? Countrys culture industries can be overwhelmed by foreign influence. The United States has always had miserly restrictions on foreign investment in its telecommunications and media sectors.6Another negative effect of the mass media is the influence of the advertising have on us. Is advertising deceptive? Does it create or perpetuate stereotypes? Advertisements are everywhere in television, newspapers, magazines and internet. These media not only reflect our society, it also constantly rei nforces certain ideas and human being.7 Companies and businesses often overwhelming the benefits and advantages of their products. They are giveing to stretch and distort the truth, just to convincing people to secure their product. They whitethorn hide some facts such as the expensive price. For example, BMW ads amplify the amazing horsepower and the superior performance of their vehicles but will not mention how costly they are.Nike ads are accused of implying that their shoes will give a consumer athletic ability. The result is customers usually buy the things that they really do not need. Children most likely ask their parents to buy the toys and clothing after they have seen the commercial on the TV. It has created a stereotype, such as boys prefer to process robots and girls love dolls. Also, teenagers have become top consumers in todays society, so advertisers have focused on acquire their business. Teens like to purchase new items to keeps up with the changing trends. T herefore, advertisers use their view of teens to create ads. Some ads may have bad effect on teenagers, such as alcohols and cigarettes.Although the concentrations of ownership, deregulation and technology have threatened our public interest, we can still able to learn about the choices that we face and make reasoned decisions. We have choice to see, to read, and to hear what we wanted to. It is up to the consumers to make wise choices and develop shopping skills that are intelligent. The one event may give rise to several news. People should learn to make an analysis of the truth and express their own feeling but not influence by the media.BIBLIOGRAPHYChodos, Murphy, Hamovitch, Lost in Cyberspace, jam Lorimer Company, Publishers, Toronto, 1997.Chomsky, Noam, Understand agent The Indispensable Chomsky, The New Press, New York, 2002.Ermann, Williams, Shauf, Computers, ethics and society, Oxford University Press, New York, 1990.Gay, Martin k., The New Information Revolution, ABC-C LIO, Inc., California, 1996Lorimer, Gasher, upsurge communication in Canada, Oxford University Press, Canada, 2001.Mckibben, Bill, The age of missing information, Plume, Penguin Books Ltd, 1992.INTERNET RESOURCESGlobal Media Markets and Citizen Information http//faculty.washington.edu/bennett/Media_Markets.htmAnsolabehere Media Deregulation http//bostonreview.mit.edu/BR23.3/ansolabehere.html1 Lorimer, Gasher, push-down list communication in Canada, Oxford University Press, Canada, 2001, p.205.2 Lorimer, Gasher, Mass communication in Canada, Oxford University Press, Canada, 2001, p.205.3 ibid p.2064 Chomsky, Noam, Understand Power The Indispensable Chomsky, The New Press, New York, 2002, p.16.5 Chomsky, Noam, Understand Power The Indispensable Chomsky, The New Press, New York, 2002,p xiii.6 Chodos, Murphy, Hamovitch, Lost in Cyberspace, James Lorimer Company, Publishers, Toronto, 1997, p.93.7 Mckibben, Bill, The age of missing information, Plume, Penguin Books Ltd, 1992, p.17.

The Importance of Science in our Lives Essay Example for Free

The enormousness of recognition in our Lives EssayScience is our power as human beings to ingestion our wisdom and contact decisions.When a loved one is dying of cancer, what would you do? Would you not do anything possible to try to patron them? Here is where science has a role in our lives when we want to do something otherwise difficult or impossible. Though the ways of learning science has changed over the years from solely thinking logically to reading material classics to experimenting, the way scientific knowledge is enforced has not been changed. When there is an epidemic, medicine is used to carry issue mans will to cure it. When the Egyptian pyramids were to be built, architecture came into use.Yet science is not used notwithstanding for such needful or elaborate situations. They also appear in our daily lives. We know it is measurable to wash ourselves regularly, only for biology. The Wright brothers were able to invent the airplane because they knew hot air rises, and since then, we have been able to use their technology to travel great distances in short periods of time.We humans would be so impotent without science. Science is our knowledge of the universe. It is natural to have for a being who thinks. If we did not have science, it would mean we are rank(a) animals motivated purely by instinct. Our definition of life as a human would not exist. corking are the blessings of science.However, our wisdom is not complete, and can lead us to do wrong. Thereupon, science can be a curse. We have changed the passenger airplane into a fighter. Cameras for keeping memories spy on people. Cell phones for conversations are used to bully kids around, and even explode trains. Our greed, hatred, fear, wickedness, and stupidity have produced terrible uses of what our scientific knowledge has found together. As we all know from Spiderman, With great power comes great responsibility.Science gives us options to do or not to do. Though each option has its consequences, it is a distinct strength which evidently separates us from animals. How we use it will greatly influence the lives of each one of us.

Cigarette Ads Essay Example for Free

Cigarette Ads EssayFrom 1947-2000 rear end ads impart changed in more than just one way. individually ad pinpoints a certain stereotype of a person as well as containing a slogan that assures the viewer of which stereotype the ad is pertaining to. Each ad does a great job of matching the slogan with the image, while drawing in consumers and primary(prenominal)taining the fulfilment of the consumers prefrence. The ad used in 1947 for Camel poofs claims More Doctors smoke Camels Than Any Other Cigarette. The ad as well contains a picture of a man posing as a doctor.The picture as well as the slogan being claimed, provides a sense of comfort and safety. People may telephone if doctors are smoking these cigarettes they may not be unhealthy. This ad could also come off as an ad promoting the necessitate for prominence, while aiming to represent the cigarette of those of a high social location (Fowles 549). The Camel ad also slightly resembles a news article as and is layed o ut in a very informative manner, while pointing out all of the benefits of the product.This approach is common because potential consumers are a lot looking for a new solution (Bovee 559). If a consumer is looking to become more healthy, or campaign to feel less guilty when smoking a cigarette, this ad may attract their oversight, simply collectable to the fact that the ad claims it is the number one cigarette for doctors. The Marlboro ad of 1970 pertains to those who prefer a cigarette that contains a great amount of flavor. The slogan states come to where the flavor is. Come to the country.This ads main attraction is the flavor of the cigarettes, which pertains to the need for autonomy due the fact that this ad appeals to those who prefer a cigarette with great flavor(Fowles 550). Not only does this ad have to do with the need of autonomy it also pinpoints the need for affiliation, it is obvious the ad is affiliated with those who not only enjoy flavor but also enjoy being in the country, the slogan as well as the picture is what make the ii main attractions obvious in the ad (Fowles 544).The camel ad of 2000 is most likely going to attract those who bid to attain the perfect cigarette, therefore this ad pertains to the need for aesthetic sensation, due to the fact that this ad is a simple ad with few words , there is little room for correction nigh being a perfect ad(Fowles 552). This ad will not only attract peoples trouble because of the word pleasure being placed in the slogan, but also the picture is an attention grabbing picture.The ad contains a picture a young, fit, attractive male, which also means this ad pertains to the need for attention (Fowles 550)Not only does this attract peoples attention it is also desirable. Over the past years the cigarette ads have slightly changed. The pictures, slogans, and the layout have all changed over time, but only to a slight extent. Although the sensible appearance of the ads may have changed slightly over time, the idea of advertising cigarettes have not. Just as Fowels said, most advertisments appearing in national media can be understood as having two orders of heart (Fowles 541).All the ads serve the same purpose, while each ad does appeal to different types of people, each ad also does the same thing to attract a certain type of person or idea. This is make by placing certain words as well as images to draw in consumers. As consumers wants as well as needs change, ads continue to change accordingly. With this being said, most changes that do materialize are often subtle, therefore the changes that have been made in ads are often very slight. When major changes are made to ads, it is often due to the fact of improvement of the product or to fulfill a major want or need of the majority of the consumers.

Theology of Community Essay Example for Free

Theology of Community EssayIn this paper, I am going to sh are my ideas of theology. I call back that maven of the biggest mistakes I made in the past was that I was afraid of being rejected, so I wrote a theology paper and tried to give the prior COM what I thought they cherished to hear instead of what was truly inside of me. Fortunately for me, even though I was non given a green light in order to see the Eccleastical Council, I was licensed to pr from each one and this gave me time to wrestle with my theology and helped me to see where I stood on these very heavy areas of delivererian faith. I want to briefly mention that although I have a lot of admiration for liberation theologians, I disagree with them in one key area. Many liberation theologians start discharge with their throws, and wherefore look to the bible and interpret it. I believe that theology must start slay with the watchword because it is the best source of information about who paragon is, who Je sus is, and what the early church was resembling. I do believe that the Church should speak out when there is injustice. However, it comes from a belief that we should treat another(prenominal)s as if we see Jesus in them (see Matt 2531-46).I refer to my personal theology as the Theology of Community. I reject this modern notion that Jesus is my personal savior because it highlights the rampant(ip) individualism in America. We are so consumer driven in the United States that if we have to wait more than both minutes in a drive-thru in order to get our food, we get upset. I believe that Jesus saves us from our egoisticalness, and self-destructive behavior but that He draws us in to be a part of something bigger than ourselves.OverviewI see the entire Bible, both the Hebrew Scriptures and the Christian Testament, as a story about how beau ideal is constantly reaching out to human beings with the intent of having a consanguinity with us. Many years ago, in my early twenties, a m inister introduced a concept that I keep mum draw upon. He used a diagram of a triangle. At the top of the triangle is God, and at the bottom two points were supposed to be the husband and wife. The idea being that as you draw close together(predicate) to God, then the married couple would actually be closer to each other. If you are less selfish and willing to serve your spouse in lie with, then your relationship will (in theory) grow and become stronger.What I have preceptore is to apply this to all relationships within the church. There is a turn tailency within churches for great deal to think that their way of doing things is right, and if you dont agree then you are somehow bad or at least you are a nuisance that should be shunned or ignored. We as human beings tend to want to be around people that are like us, who think like us, talk like us, and have the same opinion on virtually everything. Yet, if you look at the makeup of the group of disciples that followed Jesus, this is not the case at all. For the sake of brevity I will point out only two Judas the Zealot and Matthew the tax collector. The zealots hated the Romans so badly that they were willing to take up arms against the Romans, still the tax collectors were willing to collect money from their fellow Jews and give it to the Romans. Both groups were represended at the control panel during the Last Supper. It would be a refreshing thing if that kind of diversity was truly experienced at present in our modern churches.I am heavily influenced by the theology of Karl Barth and somewhat by Dietrich Bonhoeffer. I would also credit people like Hans Frei and George Lindbeck and the post-liberal movement which some also know as fib theology. In the writings of Frei and Lindbeck they talk about how liberal theology tends to way on the experience of a believer more than on the scriptures. They also point out that conservatives responded to modernity by belongings fast to the Bible and forming a more literal view of the scriptures.The view that they promote is what Lindbeck calls the cultural/ lingual approach. I felt very comfortable with this way of looking at the scriptures because if you rely too oft on your own personal experience, then what kind of standard do you have? If you take the Bible literally, then how can you deal with issues like a person being swallowed by a whale, or saying that the earth is only six to seven thousand years erstwhile(a), when science says it is billions of years old? I have found that by avoiding the extremes of either side that the truth is usually in- amidst the two.I. GodI dont believe that we know everything about God. There are many things that we dont know about the Divine. What we do know is what God has chosen to reveal. This self-revelation is done freely by God, without any coercion by anyone. Karl Barth put it this wayGods being, or truth, is the event of his self-disclosure, his glowing as the Lord of all lords, the hallo wing of his name, the coming of his kingdom, the fulfillment of his will in all his work. 1Professor Barth very much in his speeches refers to God as the God of the Gospel, and our best source of knowledge about God is Jesus Christ. We know that God is loving, kind, and compassionate because we have the written testimony of the Apostles that say that is how Jesus was. As Barths theology is very Christocentric, mine is as well.I would also point out that passim the Hebrew Bible God used many prophets, judges, and teachers to reach out to humanity and ultimately sent Jesus to reach out to people. So it is ultimately God who initiates the relationship between God and people.II. Imago Dei and our giftsIn Genesis 126-27 the Bible talks about how we are made in the image of God, or have what is known as the Imago Dei. Some people would say that this means that human beings have a conscious, and live at a level that is more complex than just upkeep on uncorrupted instinct. I believe th at there is more to it than that. Romans 126 says that We have different gifts, according to the dramatize given to each of us. In other words, as you read the rest of the chapter you can see how each of the different gifts given to people can be used to edify and strengthen other people. We were created to be a bles blunder outg to other people, and those other people were created to live in harmony with you.III. SinWhen we focus on our own needs, and we ignore the plight of the people around us then we are living in a way that is contrary to the will of God. Dietrich Bonhoeffer referred to sin as selfishness, and Karl Barth said that the root of sin is pride.In the Sermon on the Mount Jesus talked about how the Pharisees and tax collectors did some things that on the arise appeared to be good, but if you looked at their heart you realize the ulterior motive. Matthew 546-47 says, If you love those who love you, what settle with will you get? Are not even the tax collectors doing that? And if you greet only your own people, what are you doing more than others? Do not even pagans do that?In other words, if you are helping individual because you are getting something back, in reality it was more of an investment than truly being helpful. It is not as malicious as stealing or killing someone, but it is not what you could call unconditional love either.IV. ChristologyWhere liberals tend to focus on how we should follow the example of Jesus life and ministry, and conservatives tend to focus on the blood atonement, and how you cant have a relationship with God without the shed blood of Christ my response is Yes I agree with both sides on this, and do not think that they contradict one another.Jesus is our example of how we should live. He was willing to engage with people that disagreed with him (John chapter 3). He treated women with dignity and celebrate (John chapter 4). Jesus brought healing and wholeness to a crippled man (John 51-15). Jesus cared for the crowds of people and wanted to feed them and meet their needs (John 61-15). Jesus also was a servant leader, who was willing to dull the feet of his disciples in order to make a point (John 131-17), that we should serve one another.However, Jesus was also known as the Lamb of God (John 129). He fulfilled the prophecies about the Messiah, notably what was in Psalm 22 and Isaiah 53 dealing with the suffering servant. There has to be a balance between the two points of view because if you go too far to the left, you can forget what makes Jesus different from other religious teachers and if you go too far to the right and focus too much on the hereafter, then you ignore the needs of the people around you and are no good to anyone in the here and now. Or as some would say, They are so heavenly judgemented that they are not any sublunar good.I would say that this is not an either/or situation but a both/and, which is a phrase that our Lutheran friends use often. If we are to be the Uni ted Church of Christ, then in my mind our theology should be Christ centered. Karl Barth stated it in this way, The object of theology is, in fact, Jesus Christ. This means, however, that it is the recital of the fulfillment of the covenant between God and man.

Cultural Interviews and Assessment Essay Example for Free

Cultural Interviews and Assessment EssayI am interviewing a 32-year-old male (X) from the India who has been a domiciliatent of the San Jose in the US state of atomic number 20 since the last 10 years. He is employed as a Software engineer in superstar of the software MNCs in urban parts of California. Regarding, the Asiatic and Pacific Islander Americans (APIA) macrocosm in the US, they are one of the fastest growing population in the US. In the year 1999, the population was some 11 million and it is expected to grow to about 20 million by 2020. In 1999, 4 % of the US population was APIA, 12 % Hispanics and 11 % African-Americans.The APIA comport back from several parts of the world including India, China, Pakistan, Polynesia, Micronesia, Papua New Guinea, Hawaii, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, Korea, Vietnam, etc. One of the favorite locations in the US, the APIA population would same to settle is in the state of California. The APIA make up for about 12 % of the Cali fornia population in 1999. They put in from various cultural backgrounds and have diverse needs. They are one of the approximately diverse groups in the US, and it is difficult to encounter their health problems due to diverse healthcare needs. Let us now go through the entire interview process Socio-economic factors Mr. X earns about 45, 000 US dollars each month. He is employed in a software-MNC. None of his other family members are working. He is married and has one youngster. Although he came to the US in 1997, he brought his family down to the US about a year back. Mr. X feels happy that he is able to earn a good income in the US and is more or less settled. He feels that many of the Indians in the US are earning far less and are belong to the poverty groups. However, he in addition feels that the validation he is working in is a small organization and the income provided is less compared to other organizations. Lifestyle MR.X is not leading a very healthy lifestyle. anterior as his family was not with him, he used to eat his food in eat-outs and restaurants. Due to this, he is unable to lead a healthy life. However, once his family has come home, he is able to eat a traditional Indian meal and due to this, his nutritional status has improved. He is now able to consume a balanced diet. Mr. X and his family members consume a vegetarian diet. Mr. X smokes about 5 cigarettes a day and consumes about 2 servings of alcohol (especially whisky and rum) on Saturdays and Sundays. He is able to sleep only for about 6 to 7 hours a day. This is due to excessive workload.Although his duty timings are only 8 hours, he puts in an extra 5 hours work at home. During the weekend, he has to work from home at least for 5 hours on Saturdays and Sundays. He usually gets together in family meeting and spiritual ceremonies on Saturdays and Sundays. Family Values Mr. X has not had much of a family life in the US. This is because his wife and child were staying back i n India, as they were unable to come to the US earlier. However, in the last one-year his wife and child have come down to California and are staying with him. His word of honor is an 8-year-old kid, who has just joined a US Elementary school.The child goes to school for about 4 hours in a day, from Monday to Friday. Prior to this one-year, the only members of his family in the US were his cousins, uncles and aunts, who reside about 20 miles from his home. Mr. X feels that in India, family values are confoundn up a great numerate of importance. Down in India, people stay in a common house with the family members. This is especially seen in vill yearss and small towns. Family meetings are conducted every day and usually food is consumed and prayers are said in a family. During the earlier days when he had just come to the US, Mr.X had stayed with one of his maternal aunt in California. However, as his condition began to improve and his job was settled, he shifted to a separate re sidence. However, he continues to meet his family members during weekends. Mr. X also makes primary(prenominal) decisions later taking the advice of the elders in the family. This is also the case in India, where elders are given a lot of respect and value. In case of any personal problem, he would first nominate up his uncle, a man of 67 years, and explain his problem to him. Religious preferences Mr. X belong to a high caste Hindu family in India, and actively practice his religion.During the weekends, he attends for prayers in a synagogue in California. He usually makes a trip along with family members. He does follow intricate religious practices at home and at his workplace. He consumes a vegetarian diet and would father care especially whilst eating out. During the morning and before starting work, Mr. X chants a few short prayers. This he also does after he finishes work and before acquittance to bed. His wife and child are also religious like him. He accompanies his family members during the weekends for a trip to their local temple. The local temple is about 25 miles away from their home.They also consume a vegetarian diet. In California, the number of vegetarian restaurants and eat-outs are less, due to which he has experienced problems. health and practices Mr. X enjoys a good state of health compared to the other APIAs in the US. It is also important to note that the APIAs enjoy a much better health status compared to the Whites, African-Americans and the Hispanics. In the year 1999, Mr. X suffered a bout of malaria. He suffered from the illness for about 15 days, and required entry in the Hospital. During his earlier days in the US, Mr. X did not have health insurance. Hence, he had to pay for his infirmary bills.In the year 2000, the organization he was working with provided him with health insurance, which helps him to meet with his health expenditure. As Mr. X smokes excessively and due to his work-related habits, he suffers from ast hmatic attacks frequently. He uses a small pump that provides Broncho-dilators. He has to consume two puffs twice a day as suggested by the physician. He also follows the advice on food and exercises suggested by the physician. Sometimes during winter months, Mr. X requires hospitalization for difficulty in breathing. This has occurred frequently in the last 4 years. His hospital bill is now covered by health insurance.The physician has repeatedly suggested to give up smoking and to follow better work-related practices, which Mr. X has ignored. The access to health is good, as Mr. X resides in an urban area. He has a hospital providing ultra-modern facilities located about 1 mile from his residence. The hospital also has physicians, specialists and nurses who are from an Indian background. This makes him a special patient at the hospital. He does feel that his physician is able to communicate with him appropriately and understand his health problem. As Mr. X has his family come in saucily into the US, they do not have health insurance.However, he plans to subscribe to health insurance for them within the succeeding(a) six months. So far his wife and child did not require hospitalization. However, MR. X frequently takes his son for health checkups and immunizations to the pediatrician. His wife visits a female gynecologist frequently, to ensure that problems with her periods are addressed properly. She does prefer going to an Indian female gynecologist, but is unable to do so as there is a shortage of medical staff from other cultures in the US. Due to problems with financing (uninsured), she is unable to afford seeing an Indian gynecologist from another hospital.MR. Xs physician and pediatrician both belong to the Indian community. Child-bearing/parenting practices Mr. X has just one son, and he plan to have one more child in the more or less future. However, he says that during the pregnancy period, he plans to send his wife and son back home to India, a s he whitethorn be unable to take appropriate care of his wife. As family values are give great importance in India, Mr. X wishes that his son stays with him even after crossing the age of 16 or 18. He wants his soon to mix about with other children in the US, but at the same time follow Indian traditions regarding religion, diet and customs.Other issues Mr. X and is family members do understand side and do not have any problem communicating with the people in the US. Mr. X may not consider preventive medical care. However, he does visit the local physician frequently to take medical advice and go in for routine checkups. Mr. X feels that more physicians, nurses and specialists from the Indian communities should be available to fulfill the need of the Indians in California. Mr. X also feels that the local government and the Federal government have not addressed several of the problems faced by the APIA communities in the US.This is with regards to health insurance, health access, e ducation, working conditions, immigration status, etc. References Ro, M. Overview of Asian and Pacific Islanders in the United States and California. Center for Alternative Policies. 1999. 9 Nov 2007. http//www. communityvoices. org/Uploads/om3gfk55hhzyvrn00n4nerbf_20020828090003. pdf Srinivasa, S. Toward Improved wellness Disaggregating Asian American and Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander Data. American Journal of Public Health 90. 11 (2000) 1731-1734. http//www. ajph. org/cgi/reprint/90/11/1731. pdf

European contact with native North Americans Essay Example for Free

European contact with native atomic number 7 Americans EssayOn October 12, 1492, the loud words ring across the deck Land Ho. After 70 long days at sea a tattered bunch of sea dogs jump rarify into a small rowboat and work there way ashore. The man in charged is named Christopher Columbus. gather in you ever enjoyed what the impress was on the homegrown American population, when they first met the insatiable intruders of the European continent? When I was in high school I remember learning about Christopher Columbus and others who were credited for discovering the refreshful World. I do not recall being told about the more negative impacts that were ca usaged to the Native Americans. sanitary I always had this nice picture of Chris and the Indians posing down and enjoying a meal and exchanging gifts. This is what I was taught in high school but is this really what took place? What really happened was the loss of three items that we as Americans stand in high value they were the loss of life, gain, and freedom of the Native Americans I do not pick out whether they thought we were too young to understand the overall picture of what took place, or if it is meant to be saved for college take history.During the period of proterozoic European settlement there be believed to have been seven different heathen base Native American societies within the present day boundaries of the linked States. First you have the neon kinspersons located along the East coast rough of which were the Iroquois, Powhatan, Wampanong, Weapemeoc, and there were many more in appendix to these. The Southeast Tribes Located around the Florida Coastline was the Cherokee, Chickasaw, and the Choctaw are just a few of them. The Prairies, which consisted of the Wichita, Missouri, and the Omaha and numerous others. The High Plains, which consisted of some of the following tribes Cheyenne, Comanche, Arapaho, Pawnee, and the Tonkawa. The Southwest tribes consisted of Apache, N avajo, and Hopi. The Great Basin you had the Paiute, Shoshone, and the Spokane. And last but not least you had the Northwest tribes, which include the Chinook, Makah, and the Tillamook. Each of these different tribes had engaged in trading networks over vast stretches of the continent for centuries before the Europeans arrived (Nash et al. 13).The European settlers and explores brought the Native Americans something ofunparalleled importance in history, a viral infection that spread like wildfire finished a population that had no immunity against it (Nash et al. 5). Everywhere the Europeans droped the natives were infected. It is believed that a 90 to 95% close rate amongst the Native American was caused by these viral infections such as smallpox, measles, and chicken pox (Trickel 32). In nearly areas where Europeans intruded in the hemisphere for the next three centuries, the catastrophe repeated itself. No matter who came, whether French, English, Spanish, or Dutch, either m odernisticcomer from the old world participated accidentally in the spread of disease that typically eliminated, with in a few generations, at least two-thirds of the native population (Nash et al. 26).I am not onerous to say that all European contact was bad for them, take the French involvement with the Native Americans. When the French met with the natives they progress up it to be better to live amongst them. Trade was also beneficial to the natives. The Indians and the French set up many little trading posts and villages along the interior of the Americas, along the Mississippi river valley, and both prospered from those villages.The Dutch and British began early buying institute, a practice never understood by the Native Americans, who generally believed that they were granting the newcomers rights to use rather than to own the lands. European settlers started putting up fences and claiming land that did not belong to them (Nash et al.12). To the European the owning of lan d was a show of ones wealth. This was a concept, which the Native Americans were not familiar with due to the fact that land to them was communal, it belonged to all. in that respect were no rich or poor in Native American villages everyone shared this was something the Europeans did not understand. I am not saying they did not have boundaries, too, because they did amongst different tribes. So this had a great impact because they were being driven from their hunting grounds and roaming spaces.The Spanish came to the bracing World looking for gold (Nash et al. 5). practically they married with the Native Americans. French explorers were trappers and traders they often married with the Native Americans and maintained friendlyrelations based on trade partnership with the Native Americans. The Dutch and British, in contrast with these other European groups, came to the New World with their families to set up colonies most of them were seeking to settle the land (Nash et al. 68).What was life like in a Native American village before European exploration? I picture a village of many people sharing a land working together for the needs of the village. around people thought that the Native Americans were savages but is that true? I think not. They had services not as a Christian would believe but they did join as a group and did worship. Who is to say that if you are not a Christian you cannot be saved? They took from the land what they needed to exist they used every part of what they hunted. They used the skins for blankets, flooring, clothing and they ate the meat and found uses for everything they killed. They believed the people belonged to the land not, as the Europeans held, that the land belonged to people.In Native American societies, women also held subordinate positions, to men but not to the extreme found amongst the European men and women. In Iroquois villages, men sat in a circle to deliberate and make decisions, but the senior women of the village stood behind them, lobbying and instructing. The chief was often a male the elder women of their tribe named them to their position. If they moved to far from the will of the women who appointed them, these chiefs were removed. (Nash et al. 12). The women played active rolls in all aspects of the tribal affairs and everyday life, such as planting and harvesting.The Native Americans were used in many different fashions during the early exploration and colonization of America. They were often used as guides, slaves, traders, and also as allies or enemies to the many different colonizing factions of the European countries. In Latin America many Native Americans surrendered when faced with European domination. Others were enslaved on plantations, where they mixed together with African slaves and survived, mixed in race and culture. The French found them very helpful in the trade and allies along the Mississippi river valley and the interior of the Americas. The English found them to be averting the progress toadvancing civilization of the coastal regions, but also found them to be utilitarian allies during the French and Indian war.The Indian tribes who lived in and near the English colonies seemed natural subjects for enslavement, as had the Indians in Spanish America. Native American slavery was attempted, but the Native Americans did not make as total of slaves as Africans. For one thing, they were less accustomed to the settled agriculture at which they were expected to labor. Perhaps most importantly, Native Americans were not bewildered foreigners, weakened and cowed by the terrible experience of being transported to a new world. Native Americans were in their own homeland, where they were organized into tribes and nations they were not so few and scattered as the Africans in the early decades of the colonies. By the time the colonists were sufficiently numerous and organized to enforce slavery on the Native Americans, an easier solution was presented by the ever larger number of more helpless Africans put on the block and sold by the slave traders.The British, who employed them after the British victory in the French and Indian War, started the practice of making treaties with the American Indians in the colonial period. During the American Revolution the U.S. government adopted the accord system, signing its first treaty with the Delaware. The purposes of a treaty was to obtain tribal land, to determine boundaries between Indian and white lands, and to regulate trade. By adopting the treaty system, the British and U.S. government recognized the prior ownership of land by Native American tribes and status as independent nations. After the American colonists won their independence from England, the American government continued the English practice of treating the tribes as independent nations. Other Indians, particularly throughout the center of America, entered into the economic, religious, and social life of their conquerors an d became the lowest class of the U.S. society.The European colonization of the New World had a great impact on the Native Americans In many ways and the majority of them were negative. I wonder it would have been like if it had been the other way around, if it had been the Native Americans who had colonized Europe. I also wonder wherefore I never knewthese facts until I attended a college level history class. I believe that we should be taught the entire truth in high school not given the impression of Chris and the Native Americans sitting down at a table and sharing a nice meal and exchanging gifts.Works CitedNash, Gary B., et al. The American People Creating a Nation and a Society. Volume One to1887.4th Edition. Los Angeles Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 1998.Trickel, John A. Readings In United States History To 1877 Perspectives on America. Volume1. New York American Heritage Custom Publishing, 1

The Validity of the Developmental Theories Essay Example for Free

The daring of the Developmental Theories EssayIntroduction Human nature and its varying and complex behaviors fascinate almost everyone. Although non all be inclined to be able to understand and explicate the details of individual individual(prenominal)ities those who do find themselves in confusion many times wherefore some people do things that are at times difficult to comprehend. However, the science of homosexual behavior has indeed helped facilitate thus far, an sense of human conduct and its nature at various lengths through the theories of human schooling by enceinte theorists (Plotnik, 1996). This paper attempts validate their works by citing the researchers witness personal timeline and/or development. For a proper and organized treatment of this paper, it provide answer the following problem statementsWhat are the descriptions of Freud (psychosexual), Erikson (psycho affable), and Pi be onts (Cognitive) st yearss for childhood and adolescent long time of d evelopment?Are developmental theories applicable to real-life and if so, based on your personal timeline, how (and if not, how not)? paroleWhat are the descriptions of Freud (psychosexual), Erikson (psycho kindly), and Piagets (Cognitive) stages for childhood and adolescent years of development? Development does not end erst a person r to each onees maturity, but continues throughout life. Developmental psychologists seek to describe ad analyze the regularities of human development across the entire life span. It focuses primarily on these aspects of development that make us like to one an otherwise (Atkinson et al., 1993). Sigmund Freud hypothesized that each of us goes through five psychosexual stages. These are five unalike developmental periods oral, anal, phallic, response time, and genital stages during which the individual seeks pleasure from different areas of the body associated with sexual feelings. Freud emphasized that the childs first five years are the most impor tant to social and personality development (Atkinson et al, 1993). The stages of oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital stages are controversial and highly debatable concepts which Freud originated.Freud pointed out that satisfying one of the childs needs becomes a source of potential conflict between the child, who wants immediate gratification, and the parent, who places restrictions on when, where, and how the childs needs should be satisfied. Freud believed that interactions between parent and child in satisfying these psychosexual needs for example, during breastfeeding or toilet training greatly influence the childs social development and future social interactions. Freuds psychosexual stages are part of his larger psychoanalytic theory of personality (Hilgard et al., 1983, Atkinson, 1993). Secondly, the psychosocial stage of development is best explained through the theory developed by Erik Erikson. According to Erik Erikson, a child will butt against different kinds of problems in infancy and childhood, which will shape ones social and personality development. Erikson gave octette psychosocial stages. A child according to Erikson will encounter a particular psychosocial problem at each stage.If he successfully resolves the problem, he will develop a good social trait that will help him/her solve the close problem. If he/she is unsuccessful, he/she will develop a bad social trait that will hinder his or her solving a new problem at the next stage (Atkinson, 1993). His stages include Trust versus mistrust, Autonomy versus Shame doubt, Initiative versus guilt, Industry versus Inferiority, Identity versus Confusion, Intimacy versus Isolation, Generativity versus Stagnation, single versus Despair, comprise each of the description of the periods and the potential problems that may arise during each of the particular period (Halonen Santrock, 1996). Piagets theory of cognitive development refers to how a person perceives, thinks, and gains an under standing of his or her world through the interaction and influence of genetic and learning factors.He has identified the cognitive stages and refers to four different stages sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages each of which is more advanced than the preceding stage because it involves new reasoning and thinking abilities (Piaget, 1963 Hurlock, 1964). Piagets work led to the current view that children are actively involved in their own cognitive development. By active involvement, Piaget meant that children are constantly striving to understand what they encounter, and in much(prenominal) encounters, they form their own guesses or hypotheses about how the world works (Hurlock, 1964).Are developmental theories applicable to real-life and if so, based on your personal timeline, how (and if not, how not)? This paper just briefly introduced three differing explanations of certain aspects of human development and these were the currently a ccepted hypothetic perspectives of human-behavior development. Relating these with the authors personal development, yes, I could say that the developmental theories are in most cases applicable. facial expression at my personal timeline, the observations and generalizations made by Freud, where the struggles in later years such as acquire married at an earlier age, joining the army etc., were concerned, many of his concepts had pointedly identified those that are conjugated with during the early years of my development as compared to Freuds five psychosexual stages.Terms like fastener and those that may have something to do with his conceptualization of instincts helped me understand many of my personal confusions regarding certain inner/ inner(a) struggles in my life (Halonen Santrock, 1996). In addition, Eriksons description of the psychosocial stages where these are best illustrated during the adolescent years such as identity versus confusion, remembering those carefree ye ars and the subsequent important transition and decision do abilities that need be developed helped me relate a lot to many of my adventures and misadventures as a youth, His smart and keen analysis of these stages helped me then and makes me feel at ease concerning the anticipated times or periods of years ahead (Atkinson et al., 1993 Hurlock, 1964). In addition, Piagets poignant attention to childrens cognitive development helped me realize why I was so interested in peewee wrestling at such a affable young age. It is always worthwhile to spend ample time thinking and studying the many-faceted dimensions of human persona, from material to cognitive and psychological areas among others. It has contributed a lot to my personal understanding of self-awareness and the development of the consciousness and sensitivity of what other humans like me are going through. It caters to a deeper understanding as well as adoption of peoples frailties, and also their strengths. Freud, Piaget and Eriksons theories indeed were validated basing on my personal timeline/story no wonder that these three theories are almost forever cemented as classics in the understanding and predicting of human behavior. quoteAtkinson, R.L., R.C. Atkinson, E.E. Smith, D.J. Bem, and S. Nolen-Hoeksema. 1993. Introduction to psychology. Orlando, FL Harcourt Brace and Company.Halonen, J.S. and J.W. Santrock (1996). Psychology Contexts of behavior, Dubuque, IA Brown and Benchmark, p.810.Hilgard, E.R., R.R. Atkinson, and R.C. Atkinson, (1979)1983. Introduction to psychology.7th Ed. New York Harcourt brace Jovanich, Inc.Hurlock, E.B. 1964. Child Development. New York Mc Graw-Hill Book Company.Piaget, J. 1963. The conception of reality in the child. New York Ballantine Books.Plotnik, R. 1996. Introduction to psychology. 4th ed. Pacific Grove, California 93950 digest/Cole Publishing Company.AppendixMAJOR POINTS ON MY PERSONAL TIMELINE-Birth date is April 28, 1983- kale walking at 14 months-Travel to Costa Rica with Grandparents at age 40-start peewee wrestling at age 8-graduate from subordinate high at age14/ enter high school-Got license and buy own car at age 16-graduated high school at age 18/start college -Joined the army discipline Guard at age 19-got married/have first child at age 21-Deployed to Iraq at age 23- have twins at age 23POSSIBLE afterlife OUTCOMES (age represented is my possible age) Graduate and become nurse by age 27-move to new urban center by age 30-daughter start high school at age 35-twins start high school at age 38-daughter graduates high school/starts college at age 39-Twins graduate high school/start college at age 42-daughter gets married at age 45-first grandchild at age 48

Strategic Management Essay Example for Free

Strategic Management EssayToyota Motor batch is a famous Japanese multinational corporation, and is considered the mans second largest automaker of automobiles, trucks, buses, robots, and providing financial services. When Toyota and new(prenominal) Japanese political machinemakers entered the American market, they were not considered as a threat to the American auto manufacture because it was believed their motorcars had no appeal to American consumers However, in the 1970s, due to several problems like environmental regulations, and character control issues with American cars, a good number of American car owners began searching for selections to poorly made American cars. In response to these tilts, Toyota and opposite Japanese carmakers aggressively marketed their cars to Americans as being fuel-efficient, environmentally well-disposed, and having better build quality than American cars. In addition, Toyota marketed their cars with commercials involving young Toyot a drivers jumping in the air. As a result, the Japaneses merchandise campaign along with continuing problems from the Big Three auto manufacturers, allowed import cars to make up or so 20 percent of the US car market by 1980. Stage1.General Motors, Ford and Daimler-Chrysler focused in the late 1990s on mergers and acquisitions for improving their business positions to meet future challenges. Toyota, meanwhile, centered its business scheme on scientific innovation and persistent environmental product discipline. The price of oil was not in particular high during the 1990s when Toyota started its intercrossed car program. Oil prices were below US $20 barrel in 1994 and were to fall to a 50-year low around 1997 when the Toyota Prius was first sold in Japan.Clearly something else was driving Toyota and other Japanese companies to invest so heavily in hybrid car development. There are terce probable reasons 1 . High petrol taxes in Japan, due to the Japanese government wanting to focus the dependence of Japan on imported oil. While this would have certainly driven the Japanese development of hybrid cars, petrol was cheap in the key US market at this time. 2) The potential to suck up a market advantage by developing the key technologies required to successfully commercialize hybrid cars, and then owning these developments via patents.3) The expectation that ownership of these key fuel savings technologies would become very valuable when world oil prices rise from the lows of the mid-1990s, which was a fair long-term assumption to make during this period. Stage2 Decision Making do by In 1994, the executive team acknowledged the potential threat of depleting oil reserves and climate change and change their schema or products to meet the needs of future customers. Course of ActionToyota set up a group tasked with meeting the challenge of creating a vehicle for the 21st century, which would work within the parameters of infixed resource constraints and envi ronmental issues. Commitment to course of natural process Toyota pioneered the concept of Hybrid (petrol/electric) technology to mass modernize the worlds first eco-efficient vehicle, the Toyota Prius. Evaluation of decision/re-engineering The first prototype of the car had even approach starting problem. It took almost six months to roll the car. Finally, when the car started, it moved for a few yards only.It was hard to animadvert that Toyota, which was known for its efficient production systems, was facing such trouble. Initially it felt that Prius was a case of technological problems, impossible demands and multiple miscalculations. It proved how a great play along could overcome obstacles and turn a dreaming into reality. Though Prius represented only a small fraction of the nine million cars and trucks that the Japanese company planned to produce in 2006, it would be the first vehicle to provide a serious alternative to internal combustion engines, designed for a world o f scarce oil and was branded as The car for the future.Stage3 Toyota carefully studied the US market and sees there is a growing oil crisis and foresees a need for change in the structure for cars, converting their needs to oil saving cars. While American car manufactures lacked producing such cars, then Toyota caught that opportunity and tried to occupy this niche market. By 2002, it was being sold in North America, Japan, Europe, Hong Kong, Australia and Singapore. Analysts opined that the demand for hybrid cars would rise because of the unstable oil prices and the growing need for environment friendly products.Post Evaluation By examining the external environment and acknowledging the potential threats of depleting resources and increased refer over environmental issues, Toyota have turned a threat into a business opportunity, boosting their reputation both as an environmentally conscious and as technological innovators and established themselves as leaders in this growing marke t. The car industry faces many complex issues, but the introduction of the Prius provided Toyota with a competitive advantage. RoadMap to the development Process of Toyota Prius.Stage1 Stage2 Stage3 Executive take aim 1 Expressed concern about the future of the automobile2. Embarked a new project called G21 to the team3. Communicated the vision and priorities to the team 1. The executive team acknowledged the potential threat of depleting oil2. Challenged the team for the innovation of new model using new technology 1. Toyota unveiled the Prius in Japan in October 1997, two months ahead of schedule. 2. Made strategy plans for introducing cars to US and other prospective continents Management and team level 1.Engaged in improving the lively internal combustion engine technology2. Started making refinements to the existing technology 1. Team committed to the course of action using hybrid technology. 2. Came up with around 80 alternatives. 3. Identified numerous problems heat, rel iability, noise, and cost. 4. Narrowed the list to quad models. 5. After endless fussing and tweaking, the team finally reached 66 miles per gallon the 100% mileage improvement. 1. Team has started position efforts towards with second and third generation Prius.2. Redesigned the model for making it more appealing to the consumers. Marketing /Sales Team 1. Identification of the growing oil prices. 2. Identification of Growing middle class around the world. 1. Raised the concern that Premium price for the hybrid would make it impossible to sell. 2. Challenged with building consumer technology awareness. 1. Devised new marketing shipway to cut down dealership costs in US. 2. Devised new ways to boost the sales with internet, relied on grass-roots marketing, and public relations events.

Change Model Essay Example for Free

Change Model EssayThe engage of this analyze is to critically analyse the background of the Qantas and its finish to launch Jetstar on May 2004 that operated around 800 flights a week across network of 14 destinations within Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane. Secondly, this essay bequeath evaluate how Data accrual Feedback motorbike change model is used to gather major information and to critically analyse it. Thirdly, this essay will critically evaluate the background of Qantas and arrant(a) game and will also highlight various reasons that in the end conduct the Qantas group for the launch of the Jetstar. Fourthly, this essay will also critically analyse the receipts and salary action of Qantas prior the introduction of Jetstar i.e. 2002.Fifthly, it will continue to critically evaluate the slue in Qantas and virtuous Blue in 2003. Then the sixth divide will also critically evaluate the trend in Qantas after the launch of Jetstar. Lastly, the essay will also look into the yearbook reports of the course 2005-2009 and critically analyse the significant value added by the Jetstar to the Qantas group and will critically analyse whether the executive decision of Qantas to launch Jetstar in hunting lodge to retain the 60% home(prenominal) melodic line securities industry from its competitors has been a strategic success or not.This paragraph will critically analyse the change management information poised to launch Jetstar depression cost respiratory tract in May 2004 by using the Data Collection Feedback Cycle change model. Nadler (1977) as cited in Cumming and Worley (2009122) highlights that the Data Collection Feedback model consists of five phases that are (1) think to collect information, (2) collecting data, (3) analysing data, (4) feeding back data and (5) following up on the data self-possessed. In planning to Gather information to justify change Nadler (1977) argues that primary methods such as, direct interviews with CEO and advert change agents, observing and identifying the need for change and the use of un obstructive measure as sampling technique, oblige field analysis and scatter diagrams, could be used to gather major information.In contrast Danaher take up used various published data to trace the evolution of the Jetstar strategy of its initial fructify, to its efforts to attain harm competitiveness and service parity, followed by its highly focused, cost-effective service delivery strategy. Based on it they shoot developed a hierarchical model with parameters estimated at theindividual level. This allows us to study not solo how service design and pricing initiatives shift the perceived performance of Jetstar relative to its competitors exclusively also how the air hose can move trade preferences to ward areas in which it has competitive advantage. After done with the planning of the collection of data from competitors performance on its revenue, sales gets, passenger numbers and trade division in 2002, 2003 and 2004 against Qantas key performance indicators for the same period between 2002, 2003 and 2004 from the Annual Reports of both(prenominal) Virgin Blue and Qantas domestic operations.Nadler (1977), after the data has been collected data they are analysed using the qualitative change data such as directors report, humans Business Briefing /Australia airline Profit(2004).The reminder of this essay will critically analyse the data collected from second baseary sources such as Annual Reports, newspaper articles and journal articles to analysis the data sourced to evaluate what would be the intimately effective change to be implemented by Qantas in responding to Virgin Blue disputation the Australian aviation domestic sectors.This paragraph will evaluate the basic background of Qantas and Virgin Blue and will also highlight various reasons that eventually led the Qantas group for the launch of the Jetstar. After the deregulating of Australian avia tion market there were several respiratory tract companies entering the market however the most significant entrance was of low fare airlines Impulse in June and Virgin Blue in solemn 2000. The arrival of Impulse Airlines and Virgin Blue doubled the number of players and dramatically challenged the st subject duopoly of Qantas (after its merger with Australian Airlines) and Ansett, setting off a vicious price war (Traca, D., 2004). However, Impulse facing a major trouble in the cash flow agreed on May 1, 2001 to hand over its operations to its biggest rival, Qantas Airways. As per the deal Impulse stopped its passenger service under its own name on May 14 and leased 21 aircraft as well as cabin crews and pilots to Qantas. The deal led the stock of Qantas heaved by 26% closing at $3.40 per pct giving Qantas a significantly stronger position in the Australian market (Gaylord, 2001).Qantas, Australias leading domestic and international carries launched a budget airline called Jets tar in May 2004 (Qantas annual report, 2004). With Jetstar Qantass aim was to cover the low fare segment of the aviationindustry, which came into existence in the course 2000 with its competitor, Virgin Blue. Virgin had been successfully eating up QANTAS market share by attacking it from below as a no frills canr. In 2001 the collapse of Ansett in domestic market, led Qantas to lease extra flights, add hundreds of special flights in order to help stranded travellers call qualified to Ansett crisis. At the time Qantas flew more than 50,000 former Ansett passengers for free and opposite 65,000 on heavily discounted fares.Due to this Qantas was able to deliver a profit before tax revenue of $631m and net profit after tax of $428 trillion at the end of 2002, 30 June, despite of the fact that the worlds aviation market was vile from constant shock syndrome, due to the September 11 attack followed by bombings in Bali, the war in Iraq and of course the devastating outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (Qantas annual report, 2003). The shutdown of Ansett also highly benefitted Virgin Blue, since the event provided a wide opportunity for Virgin Blue to grow rapidly and experience Australias second leading domestic carrier. In 2000 it started with just one route (Brisbane to Sydney) with two aircrafts and a team of just 200 people. In 2001, with the opportunity to widen its market segment, 14 new routes were launched (virginaustralia history).The aim of this paragraph is to highlight how Qantas and Virgin Blue became the only two players in the Australian domestic aviation market in 2002. It will also look in to the key financial indicators of both the companies so that a comparison could be drawn out. In 2002 there were only two companies that survived the fare war of 2000-2001. One of them was Qantas that gained 80% of the domestic market share following Ansetts cessation. Whereas, the number of international passenger declined by 11% which makes an average decline of about 25% in global aviation market (Traca, D., 2004). In the same socio-economic class Qantas domestic carried 1485 gazillion passengers making a RPK of $2034 cardinal and the ASK of $2503 million (Traffic and qualification statistics, 2002).Qantas announced its financial results for the division ended 30th June 2002. As per the financial result the bon ton had $631 million of profit before tax, a net profit after tax of $million, revenue of $ 10,968.8 million and meshwork per share of 29.1 cents (Qantas annual report, 2002). The other survivor of the fare war, Virgin Blue managed to emerge as second Australian Domestic carrier, applications programme of about 20% of the domestic market(Traca, D., 2004). Due to its strategic low operating cost and soaring market share, it was able to achieve net profit before tax of $34.8 million and revenue of $388.3 million. In this stratum the airline carried 3.2 million passengers, its traffic as measured by RPKS w as 3169 million, readiness measured by ASKS was 3898 million (Virgin Blue annual report, 2004). In work on 2002 Patrick Corporation, the premier port cargo handler, bought 50% of the airline. This change made Godfrey, chief executive of Virgin Blue confident about the enlargement of the domestic operation and also expansion into the international market with service to South Pacific (Traca, D., 2004).This paragraph critically analyses the key financial indicators of the Qantas and the Virgin Blue of the year 2003. It will also highlight how Virgin Blue concentrating only of the leisure domestic market was easily overcoming the market share of Qantas. In 2003 Qantas domestic carried 1768 million passengers making a RPK of $2262 million and the ASK of $2683 million (Traffic and efficiency statistics, 2003). Qantas announced its financial results for the year ended 30th June 2003. As per the financial result the company had $502.3 million of profit before tax, a net profit after ta x of $343.5 million, revenue of $11,374.9 million and earnings per share of 20 cents (Qantas annual report 2003).Speaking of declarations, in the Annual General showdown held on 16th October 2003 it was announced that the airline is investigating the establishment of separate domestic low cost airline to service the leisure market in Australia (Preliminary monthly traffic and capacity statistics, July 2003).In this same year Virgin Blue carried 6.8 million passengers, its traffic as measured by RPKS was 7194 million, capacity measured by ASKS was 9078 million. Taking advantage of the fact that Virgin Blue had no other competitor serving the price sensitive market of Australia, it earned revenue of $914.6 million, compared to previous year the revenue earned up roared by 135.5% and the number of passengers carried also change magnitude by 107% (Virgin Blue annual report, 2003).This paragraph will critically analyse the launch of Jetstar in May 2004 and the changes that it brought in the key financial indicators of Qantas and as well as of Virgin Blue. Following the announcement made in 2003 AnnualGeneral see Qantas Introduced Jetstar in May 2004. In the first year Jetstar alone carried 273,000 passengers. Prior Jetstar Qantas already had Qantas Domestic and Qantas tangency serving domestic passengers. With these three Qantas in total carried 1973 million passengers. Compared to 2003/04 the number increased by 9.4% (Traffic and capacity statistics, 2004). In the same year Total Domestic (Qantas, Qantas Link and Jetstar) traffic was measured in taxation Passenger Kilometres (RPKs) of $2451 million while capacity, measured in Available Seat Kilometres (ASKs) increased to $3021 million (Traffic and capacity statistics, 2004).On 19 August 2004, Qantas announced its financial results for the year ended 30 June 2004. In the announcement it was stated that the company had achieved a profit before tax of $964.6 million and a net profit after tax of $648.4 million. Similarly, $11.4 billion of revenue, earning per share of 35.7 cents (Qantas annual report, 2004/05). Despite increasing domestic competition during the year Virgin Blue continued to show strong growth and profitability. During the year Virgin Blue carried over 10million (m) passengers, an increase of 53% compared to previous year. Doubling its passenger number the third time in a row in this same year it welcomed its 20 millionth passenger. Its revenue for the 2004 financial year was $1362.3million which is 49% more than the previous year.In the same year profit before tax was up by 45% to 226.2million and a Net Profit After Tax of 158.5million (Virgin blue annual report, 2004). Till March 31, 2004 Virgin Blue had 44 Boeing Net Generation 737 700 737 -800 aircraft out of which 36 were leased and 8 were owned. However, during the year the fleet was increased by 15 aircrafts. Since the day of establishment Virgin Blue was committed to hang in its cost base low and they are contin uously working through it so that they could consistently provide their customers with low fares travel. Their cost per ASK for the financial year 2004 was 8.16 cents whereas a year before it was 8.48 cents. A lower of 3.5% put the company on a good front in terms of scale and productiveness (Virgin blue annual report 2004). The Australian discount airline Virgin Blue, has won 30% of the market from Qantas, the national carrier, which will introduce a low-fare airline, Jetstar. Fare surcharges are being imposed by both groups as fuel prices rise (Shaw, 2004). Jetstars initially offered $48 for Melbourne to Hobart route and from $54 for Sydney to the resorts south of Brisbane.The price was alike(p)to what the price Virgin Blue was offering at the same period. All Jetstar flights offered one class of travel, with candid seating. In contrast Virgin Blue offered assigned seating and baggage connections to final destinations (Henly, 2004). This paragraph critically analyse the key indi cators for Qantas and Virgin Blue for launching Jetstar in May 2004. It is very clear with the annual report that Jetstar has been profitable ever since it was launched in the year 2004 (Jetstar Media centre). However, the road wasnt quiet smooth in the initial years. From its launch Jetstar was exclusively using a low price message in its communication, but it was lagging way behind Virgin Blue in terms of graphic symbol. The Jetstar overall quality mischief was greater at 22.3% (6.02 versus 7.75) (Danaher et.al, 2011. pp. 586 -594, Fig 3).Jetstar was already appealing on the price front, and then it addressed its deficit in quality and tackled that by focusing on some specific sub attributes (not disclosed by the company) that provided Jetstar a good opportunity to overcome the point of difference with Virgin Blue. Then the price recognition of Jetstar relative to Virgin Blue dramatically improve from 6.9% deficit in March 2008 to 2.5% deficit in only 3months i.e. 7.42 versus 7.62 (Danaher et.al, 2011. pp. 586 -594, Fig 3). Since the establishment the main concern as a parent company for Qantas base was that whether Jetstar would financially be profitable in its own right. Hence, it did by earning revenue of $1.020 billion, $1.414 billion, and $1.605 billion in the year 2007, 2008, and 2009 respectively.It was 7%, 10%, 12% of Qantas group revenue respectively (Qantas annual report, 2009). Similarly, in the same order the profit earned was $79 million, $104 million and $118 million (Danaher et.al, 2011. pp. 586 -594, Table 2). Similarly, speaking of market share of Jetstar, it has increased by 29% from the year 2008-2009. Earlier with the perceived mediocre price competitiveness and low quality it was in a poor position as compared to Virgin Blue, whereas, with the necessary remedies taken within the foremost quarter of 2008 it was in position almost equal to Virgin Blue in terms of covering the large proportion of the target market. Jetstar Market Sha re of Domestic Australian Leisure Air go was 14% in the first quarter of 2008, with the changes made the market share increased to 14.6% and it gradually unbroken on increasing and it had 18.1% of market share in March 2009. Further, with the increase in profit it improved its perceptual position, whereas,Virgin Blue has remained relatively stationary.In conclusion if we are to pay close care to the domestic growth strategies of the countrys largest airline company Qantas, its decision of launching Jetstar seems be a successful strategic decision. It was matter of concern that the Virgin Blue an airline company focusing on the price sensitive market would whether survive the competition with 82 year old veteran airline company. However, with its striking approach of low fare Virgin Blue today covers 35% market share of the domestic aviation sector. By critically evaluating the financial indicators of both companies for the year 2002-2004 and also following the series of events, i t becomes quiet clear that though Virgin Blue had started small it managed to cover 20% of the target market in 2002.In further years concentrating only in the no frill travel it was able to hold the 30% of the market share, which became a matter of concern for Qantas because though it was making more wage then Virgin Blue it was losing it domestic market grip, therefore, led to the launch of Jetstar. However, even after the dip of Jetstar Qantas performance was not like it was expected because in the year 2004 Qantas domestically carried only 2061 million passengers which were only 88 million more than the last year. However, with the necessary major changes (not disclosed by the company) Jetstar alone was able to regain the market share of 18.1% by March 2009.REFERENCE LISTGaylord, B. (2001). Qantas to Absorb Competitor As Fare War Takes a Victim. The New York Times Business Day. 11Shaw, J. (2004). World Business Briefing /Australia Airline Profit. The New York Times Business Da y. Henly, G, S. (2004). move around Advisory New Offshot of Qantas Offers Lower Fares. The New York Times Travel Danaher. J. P., Roberts. H. J., Roberts. K., Simpson. A. (2011). Applying a Dynamic Model of Consumer Choice to Guide Brand Development at Jetstar Airways. Marketing Science, 30(4), 586 594. inside 10.1287/mksc.1100.0619Traca. D., (2004). Virgin Blue Fighting With National Champion. INSEAD, 5179. Traffic and Capacity Statistics. Retrieved fromhttp//www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/investors-traffic-statistics/global/en Jetstar Media Centre. Retrieved fromhttp//www.jetstar.com/mediacentre/facts-and-stats/jetstar-groupNadler, D. (1977). cited in Cumming and Worley (2009). Organization development change, 9th edition, South- Western Cengage Learning. Qantas annual report (2002). Retrieved from http//www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/2002AnnualReport.pdf Qantas annual report (2003). Retrieved from http//www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/2003AnnualRep ort.pdf Qantas annual report (2004). Retrieved from http//www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/2004AnnualReport.pdf Virgin Blue annual report (2004). Retrieved fromhttp//www.virginaustralia.com/cs/groups/internetcontent/wc/documents/webcontent/edisp/annual-rpt-2004-a3.pdf